Impact of Bleeding Risk and Inflammation on Cardiovascular Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Inflammatory and Bleeding Risks on Clinical Outcomes in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of systemic inflammation burden using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and long-term prognosis in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) stratified by bleeding risk status.Consecutive patients admitted for ACS and who received PCI between March 2016 and March 2022 were enrolled in the analysis. Elevated systemic inflammation was defined as hsCRP >2 mg/L, and high bleeding risk (HBR) was defined the Academic Research Consortium (ARC)-HBR criteria. The primary outcome was ischemic events at 12 months, composed of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and/or stroke. The main secondary outcomes included all-cause death, and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) types 2, 3, and 5 bleeding and types 3 and 5 bleeding.Of 15,013 patients, 4,606 (30.7%) were qualified as HBR and 8,395 (55.9%) had hsCRP >2 mg/L. Elevated hsCRP was consistently associated with higher risk of ischemic events in both HBR (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-1.58) and non-HBR (aHR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.01-1.78) subgroups (P interaction = 0.755). Although the incidence of bleeding events was higher in HBR patients, an elevated hsCRP level was not associated with bleeding events regardless of HBR status. Restricted cubic spline regression represented an inverse J-shaped relation between hsCRP and non-HBR for ischemic events (P nonlinearity <0.001) and all-cause death (P nonlinearity = 0.003).Regardless of HBR status, high levels of hsCRP were associated with an increased risk of ischemic events and all-cause death in ACS patients following PCI, but not for bleeding.