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López D, Ríos AA, Marín JD, Zabala RD, Rincon JA, Lopera SH, Franco CA, Cortés FB. SiO 2-Based Nanofluids for the Inhibition of Wax Precipitation in Production Pipelines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33289-33298. [PMID: 37744863 PMCID: PMC10515383 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Wax deposition in high-wax (waxy) crude oil has been an important challenge in the oil and gas industry due to the repercussions in flow assurance during oil extraction and transportation. However, the nanotechnology has emerged as a potential solution for the optimization of conventional wax removal and/or inhibition processes due to its exceptional performance in the alteration of wax morphology and co-crystallization behavior. In this sense, this study aims to study the performance of two commercial wax inhibitor treatments (WT1 and WT2) on the wax formation and crystallization due to the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments and cold finger tests were carried out to study the effect of the WT on wax appearance temperature (WAT) and the wax inhibition efficiency (WIE) in a scenario with an initial temperature difference. In the first stage, the behavior of both WT in the inhibition of wax deposition was achieved, ranging in the concentration of the WT in the waxy crude (WC) oil from 5000 to 50,000 mg·L-1. Then, NanoWT was prepared by the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles on WT1 and WT2 for concentrations between 1000 and 500 mg·L-1, and the performance of the prepared NanoWT was studied at the best concentration of WIT in the absence of nanoparticles. Finally, the role of the nanofluid concentration in wax inhibition was accomplished for the best NanoWT. Selected NanoWT with nanoparticle dosage of 100 mg·L-1 added to WC oil at 5000 mg·L-1 displays reductions in WAT and WIE of 15.3 and 71.6 for NanoWT1 and -2.2 and 42.5% for NanoWT2. In flow loop experiments for the crude oil at temperatures above (30 °C) and below (16 °C), the WAT value indicates an increase of 8.3 times the pressure drops when the crude oil is flowing at a temperature below the WAT value. Therefore, when NanoWT1 is added to the crude oil, a reduction of 31.8% was found in the pressure drop in comparison with the scenario below the WAT value, ensuring the flow assurance in the pipeline in an unfavorable environment. Based on the pressure-drop method, a reduction greater than 5% in the wax deposit thickness confirms the wax deposition inhibitory character of the designed NanoWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López
- Grupo
de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael
Polanyi, Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - As A. Ríos
- Grupo
de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael
Polanyi, Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Juan D. Marín
- Departamento
de Ingeniería, Gerencia de Desarrollo y Producción,
Vicepresidencia Piedemonte, Ecopetrol SA
CPF Floreña, Yopal, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Richard D. Zabala
- Departamento
de Tecnologías de Producción, Gerencia Centro Técnico
de Desarrollo, Gerencia General de Desarrollo, Ecopetrol S.A, Bogotá 1021, Colombia
| | - Jaime A. Rincon
- Centro
de Innovación y Tecnología ECOPETROL ICP, Km 7 via Piedecuesta, Bogota 1021, Colombia
| | - Sergio H. Lopera
- Grupo
de Investigación en Yacimientos de Hidrocarburos, Departamento
de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Camilo A. Franco
- Grupo
de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael
Polanyi, Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Farid B. Cortés
- Grupo
de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie—Michael
Polanyi, Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia
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Zhao SQ, Feng JC. Reversible Plasticity Shape Memory Effect in SEBS/Crystallizable Paraffin: Influence of Paraffin Content. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Ning X, Song X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Feng Y. Insights into Flow Improving for Waxy Crude Oil Doped with EVA/SiO 2 Nanohybrids. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5853-5863. [PMID: 35224346 PMCID: PMC8867590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanohybrid materials can significantly inhibit wax deposition and improve the fluidity of crude oil. However, the mechanisms behind wax resolving, crystal modification, and flow improving are still unclear owing to the complexity of crude oil. Here, we compared the effect of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and nanohybrids composed of EVA and SiO2 nanoparticles on wax crystallization and rheological behavior of Shengli waxy oil. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that SiO2 nanoparticles boost the efficiency of EVA for reducing the wax appearance temperature of waxy crude oil. Thermo X-ray diffraction characterization demonstrates that EVA/SiO2 nanohybrids cut down the crystal index of waxes, with the grain size of crystal cells decreased in (006) and (200) but increased in (110) cross sections. Polarized optical microscopy imaging reveals that EVA can modify the morphology of wax crystals to suppress the formation of wax gel, and nanohybrids serve as nucleuses to adsorb asphaltenes and resins, restraining the appearance of wax crystals. The rheological test shows that nanohybrids outperform EVA in decreasing the viscosity, inflection point, and yield stress of waxy crude oil. These findings help the understanding of flow improving by nanohybrid materials and offer guidelines for designing the new generation of wax inhibitors for safe transportation and flow assurance of waxy crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Ning
- Polymer
Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- Polymer
Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shengli
Oilfield Shengli Chemicals Co., Ltd., Dongying 257055, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shengli
Oilfield Shengli Chemicals Co., Ltd., Dongying 257055, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yujun Feng
- Polymer
Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Dorsman IR, Chan DHH, Cunningham VJ, Brown SL, Williams CN, Varlas S, Armes SP. Synthesis of crystallizable poly(behenyl methacrylate)-based block and statistical copolymers and their performance as wax crystal modifiers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Behenyl methacrylate-based diblock and statistical copolymers are evaluated as additives for the crystal habit modification of a model wax (n-octacosane) in n-dodecane. The statistical copolymers more strongly influence the wax crystal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella R. Dorsman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Derek H. H. Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Steven L. Brown
- Scott Bader Company Ltd, Wollaston, Wellingborough NN29 7RL, UK
| | | | - Spyridon Varlas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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Maleki A, Hosseini-Dastgerdi Z, Rashidi A. Effect of nanoparticle modified polyacrylamide on wax deposition, crystallization and flow behavior of light and heavy crude oils. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.2010567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Maleki
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alimorad Rashidi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
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Ashmawy AM, Yao B, Mohamed MG, Elnaggar ESM, El-Bahy SM, Hamam MF. Allyl ester-based liquid crystal flow improvers for waxy crude oils. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1981367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Ashmawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bo Yao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, PR China
| | - Manal G. Mohamed
- Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Salah M. El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Kim S, Baik JH, Hong DG, Kim WH, Jung K, Lee JC. Poly(3-pentadecylphenyl acrylate) having a bottlebrush-like structure for high-performance middle distillate flow improver. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When crude oil is extracted out of a subterranean reservoir at high temperature and pressure, it is usually transported via a pipeline, where the crude oil experiences radical changes in its physical and chemical properties, instigating numerous complications. Among the various flow assurance problems, wax deposition and build up are among the most commonly found. However, the accurate mechanism of wax deposition is still unclear and is widely debated among researchers. The mechanism under multiphase conditions is also an ambiguity. This review covers the six wax deposition mechanisms, the challenges in multiphase flow conditions, the latest types of chemical inhibitor, and a summary of factors governing chemical inhibitor performance.
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Application of novel hydrophobically modified polybetaines based on alkylaminocrotonates and methacrylic acid as pour point depressants and ASP flooding agent. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Ivchenko PV, Nifant’ev IE. Polymer Depressor Additives: Synthesis, Microstructure, Efficiency. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Kr V, Yalavarthi PR, Vadlamudi HC, Kalluri JKY, Rasheed A. Process, Physicochemical Characterization and In-Vitro Assessment of Albendazole Microcrystals. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:419-425. [PMID: 29071224 PMCID: PMC5651063 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Albendazole is a poorly soluble drug which limits its oral bioavailability. The study was focussed to enhance the solubility by in-situ micronization. Methods: Albendazole microcrystals were prepared by solvent change method using gum karaya and hupu gum as stabilizing agents and the effect of each stabilizer on the prepared microcrystals were studied. FT-IR, DSC, XRD and SEM analysis were performed as a part of characterization studies. The formulations were evaluated for micromeritics, solubility and drug release. The microcrystals that had shown optimized properties were filled into suitable capsules. Results: The formulations showed reduction in particle size with uniform size distribution and three folds increase in drug release. The microcrystals had shown more than 100-folds increase in solubility compared to pure drug. Surface energy, enthalpy and crystalline nature of microcrystals were found to be reduced. Microcrystals containing gum karaya had shown more drug release. The filled-in capsules also showed increase in drug release rate. The solubility enhancement of albendazole microcrystals was mainly due to the surface adsorption of the stabilizing agents that led to reduction in surface energy and crystalline nature as substantiated by the DSC and XRD studies. The type of stabilizing agent had significant effect on dissolution rate. High affinity of albendazole with gum karaya led to faster drug release profiles. Conclusion: The study proved that in-situ micronization is an effective technique to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs like albendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kr
- Pharmaceutics Division, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, A.Rangampet, Tirupati, IN-517102
| | | | | | | | - Arun Rasheed
- Department of Phytopharmaceutics, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, IN-679325
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Schmiele M, Busch S, Morhenn H, Schindler T, Schmutzler T, Schweins R, Lindner P, Boesecke P, Westermann M, Steiniger F, Funari SS, Unruh T. Structural Characterization of Lecithin-Stabilized Tetracosane Lipid Nanoparticles. Part II: Suspensions. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5513-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schmiele
- Professur
für Nanomaterialcharakterisierung (Streumethoden), Friedrich−Alexander−Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. Busch
- German
Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Lichtenbergstr.
1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - H. Morhenn
- Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - T. Schindler
- Professur
für Nanomaterialcharakterisierung (Streumethoden), Friedrich−Alexander−Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Schmutzler
- Professur
für Nanomaterialcharakterisierung (Streumethoden), Friedrich−Alexander−Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - R. Schweins
- DS/LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - P. Lindner
- DS/LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - P. Boesecke
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - M. Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy of the Jena University Hospital, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - F. Steiniger
- Center for Electron Microscopy of the Jena University Hospital, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - T. Unruh
- Professur
für Nanomaterialcharakterisierung (Streumethoden), Friedrich−Alexander−Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Chi Y, Daraboina N, Sarica C. Investigation of inhibitors efficacy in wax deposition mitigation using a laboratory scale flow loop. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuandao Chi
- Tulsa University Paraffin Deposition Projects, McDougal School of Petroleum Engineering; 2450 East Marshall Tulsa OK 74110
| | - Nagu Daraboina
- Tulsa University Paraffin Deposition Projects, McDougal School of Petroleum Engineering; 2450 East Marshall Tulsa OK 74110
| | - Cem Sarica
- Tulsa University Paraffin Deposition Projects, McDougal School of Petroleum Engineering; 2450 East Marshall Tulsa OK 74110
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Jung T, Kim JN, Kang SP. Influence of polymeric additives on paraffin wax crystallization in model oils. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Binks BP, Fletcher PDI, Roberts NA, Dunkerley J, Greenfield H, Mastrangelo A, Trickett K. How polymer additives reduce the pour point of hydrocarbon solvents containing wax crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4107-17. [PMID: 25564408 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04329d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated how four different pour point depressant (PPD) polymers affect the pour point transition in mixtures of a single pure wax in a solvent. We used either n-eicosane (C20), CH3(CH2)18CH3, n-tetracosane (C24), CH3(CH2)22CH3 or n-hexatriacontane (C36), CH3(CH2)34CH3 as the wax component with either n-heptane or toluene as the solvent component. For all wax-solvent combinations, the measured variation of wax solubility with temperature is well predicted by ideal solution theory. The variation of pour point temperature as a function of the overall wax concentration is quantitatively modelled using the idea that, for each overall wax concentration, the pour point occurs at a temperature at which a critical volume fraction ϕ* of wax crystals has precipitated. Close to the pour point temperature, extraction and examination of the wax crystals show they consist of polydisperse, irregularly-shaped platelets with axial ratios (h/d, where h is the plate thickness and d is the plate long dimension) in the range 0.005-0.05. It is found that the measured ϕ* values corresponding to the pour point transitions are weakly correlated with the wax crystal axial ratios (h/d) for all wax-solvent-PPD polymer combinations. These results indicate that the pour point transition occurs at a volume fraction larger than the value at which the volumes of rotation of the platelet crystals overlap, i.e., 2.5(h/d) < ϕ* < 11(h/d). PPD polymers work, in part, by increasing the wax crystal axial ratio (h/d), thereby increasing ϕ* and reducing the pour point temperature. Since the PPD's ability to modify the wax crystal shape relies on its adsorption to the crystal-solution surface, it is anticipated and observed experimentally that optimum PPD efficacy is correlated with the difference between the wax and the polymer solubility boundary temperatures. This finding and the mechanistic insight gained here provide the basis for a simple and rapid screening test to identify candidate species likely to be effective PPDs for particular wax systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Binks
- Surfactant & Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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Ploeger R, René de la Rie E, McGlinchey CW, Palmer M, Maines CA, Chiantore O. The long-term stability of a popular heat-seal adhesive for the conservation of painted cultural objects. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Jin W, Jing J, Wu H, Yang L, Li Y, Shu X, Wang Y. Study on the Inherent Factors Affecting the Modification Effect of EVA on Waxy Crude Oils and the Mechanism of Pour Point Depression. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2013.850432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Vieira LC, Buchuid MB, Lucas EF. Effect of pressure on the performance of poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) as wax deposition inhibitors by calorimetric method. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Norah Maithufi M, Joubert DJ, Klumperman B. Synthesis and evaluation of comb-type copolymers prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization as possible cold flow improvers in GTL diesel fuels. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Wang F, Zhang D, Ding Y, Zhang L, Yang M, Jiang B, Zhang S, Ai M, Liu G, Zhi S, Huo L, Ouyang X, Li L. The effect of nanohybrid materials on the pour-point and viscosity depressing of waxy crude oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Hamada H, Kato H, Ito N, Takase Y, Nanbu H, Mishima S, Sakaki H, Sato K. Effects of polyglycerol esters of fatty acids and ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymer on crystallization behavior of biodiesel. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Shi X, Jin J, Chen S, Zhang J. Multiple melting and partial miscibility of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/low density polyethylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Vieira L, Buchuid M, Lucas E. The influence of pressure and dissolved gases in petroleum on the efficiency of wax deposition inhibitors. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht02.03.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluations of wax inhibitors carried out in laboratories are generally performed on stabilized oil samples, that is, without the presence of natural gas and at atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the effects of two important factors that influence wax solubility – the light fractions and temperature – are not considered, and the results may not reflect what really happens in production lines and facilities. This work evaluates the efficiency of two wax inhibitors based on ethylene copolymer and vinyl acetate, at four concentrations, in a sample of paraffinic oil in the presence of light fractions and under pressure. The parameter employed in the evaluation was the wax appearance temperature (WAT), or the cloud point, determined by high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry. The gas used was a mixture of eight components and the tests were run at three pressures. In general, the inhibitors had little influence on the cloud point and a pronounced effect on the pour point and viscosity. In this case it was possible to observe changes in the WAT with both wax inhibitors in the tests conducted at atmospheric pressure up to 150 bar and in the presence of the multi-component gas mixture, suggesting that one of the mechanisms through which wax deposition inhibitors work is polynucleation.
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Radulescu A, Fetters LJ, Richter D. Polymer-Driven Wax Crystal Control Using Partially Crystalline Polymeric Materials. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2007_124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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