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Thamnium S, Laomeephol C, Pavasant P, Osathanon T, Tabata Y, Wang C, Luckanagul JA. Osteogenic induction of asiatic acid derivatives in human periodontal ligament stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14102. [PMID: 37644086 PMCID: PMC10465493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) and asiaticoside, pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds derived from Centella asiatica, are known for their biological effects in promoting type I collagen synthesis and inducing osteogenesis of stem cells. However, their applications in regenerative medicine are limited due to their low potency and poor aqueous solubility. This work aimed to evaluate the osteogenic induction activity of AA derivatives in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in vitro. Four compounds were synthesised, namely 501, 502, 503, and 506. AA was used as the control. The 502 exhibited low water solubility, while the 506 compound showed the highest. The cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that 503 caused significant deterioration in cell viability, while other derivatives showed no harmful effect on hPDLSCs. The dimethyl aminopropyl amine derivative of AA, compound 506, demonstrated a relatively high potency in inducing osteogenic differentiation. An elevated mRNA expression of osteogenic-related genes, BMP2, WNT3A, ALP, OSX and IBSP was observed with 506. Additionally, the expression of BMP-2 protein was enhanced with increasing dose of 506, and the effect was pronounced when the Erk signalling molecule was inhibited. The 506 derivative was proposed for the promotion of osteogenic differentiation in hPDLSCs by upregulating BMP2 via the Erk signalling pathway. The 506 molecule showed promise in bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikool Thamnium
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chavee Laomeephol
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterial Engineering in Medical and Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, 6100641, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jittima A Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterial Engineering in Medical and Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Lin L, Chen Q, Dai Y, Xia Y. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Bioavailability of Madecassic Acid: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2345-2358. [PMID: 37187996 PMCID: PMC10179365 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s408115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Madecassic acid (MCA) is a natural triterpenoid isolated from centellae herba that has diverse biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. However, the efficacy of MCA is limited by low oral bioavailability caused by its extremely poor aqueous solubility. This study aimed to develop a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for MCA to improve its oral absorption. Methods The utilized oil phases, surfactants, and co-surfactants for SNEDDS were selected based on the solubility of MCA and emulsification efficiency. The optimized formulation was characterized for pharmaceutical properties and its pharmacokinetic behavior was examined in rats. Besides, the intestinal absorption property of MCA was investigated using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion and intestinal lymphatic transport. Results The optimized nanoemulsion formula consists of Capryol 90:Labrasol:Kolliphor ELP:Transcutol HP in a weight ratio of 1:2.7:2.7:3.6 (w/w/w/w). MCA-loaded SNEDDS presented a small droplet size (21.52 ± 0.23 nm), with a zeta potential value of -3.05 ± 0.3 mV. Compared with pure MCA, SNEDDS had a higher effective permeability coefficient and showed 8.47-fold and 4.01-fold of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), respectively. Cycloheximide was pretreated before the experiment to evaluate the degree of lymphatic uptake. The results showed that cycloheximide greatly influenced the absorption of SNEDDS, resulting in 82.26% and 76.98% reduction in Cmax and AUC, respectively. Conclusion This study reports the MCA-loaded SNEDDS with distinctly enhanced in vitro and in vivo performance compared with pure MCA and concludes that the SNEDDS formulation could be a viable and effective strategy for improving the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poor aqueous-soluble ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yufeng Xia, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China, Tel +862583271400, Fax +862585301528, Email
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Wannasarit S, Puttarak P, Kaewkroek K, Wiwattanapatapee R. Strategies for Improving Healing of the Gastric Epithelium Using Oral Solid Dispersions Loaded with Pentacyclic Triterpene-Rich Centella Extract. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:277. [PMID: 31396788 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds in Centella asiatica extract, mainly consisting of asiaticoside (AS), asiatic acid (AA), madecassoside (MS), and madecassic acid (MA), possess wound healing and anti-ulcer properties, but their low aqueous solubility and dissolution rate are disadvantageous for oral administration. In this study, pentacyclic triterpene-rich centella extract (PRE) was combined with Eudragit® EPO as a hydrophilic polymer using solvent evaporation to produce a solid dispersion (PRE-ESD). The optimum PRE/Eudragit ratio of 1:2 enhanced the solubility and dissolution of glycosides (AS > 3.5 folds, MS > 2 folds) and aglycones (AA > 65 folds and MA > 56 folds) in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2). DSC, XRD, and FT-IR analysis showed that the four pentacyclic triterpenes in PRE existed in the amorphous state in the solid dispersion. Moreover, almost 100% of the compounds were released from the solid dispersion within 2 h. The effects of PRE-ESD on cell proliferation and wound healing in vitro were investigated in human gastric epithelial cell lines (AGS cells). Exposure to PRE-ESD (equivalent to PRE concentration of 10 μg/mL) promoted cell proliferation and enhanced 'wound closure' in the scratch assay of wound healing by 82% compared with non-treated groups. Unformulated MA and AA aglycones did not exhibit a wound healing effect. Moreover, PRE-ESD was found to accelerate wound closure compared with either AS or MS, indicating that the wound healing properties of PRE-ESD are conferred by the active compounds AS and MS that are presented in PRE.
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Goyal SN, Suchal K, Sharma C, Patil CR, Ojha SK. Pharmacological Properties, Molecular Mechanisms, and Pharmaceutical Development of Asiatic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpenoid of Therapeutic Promise. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:892. [PMID: 30233358 PMCID: PMC6131672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring aglycone of ursane type pentacyclic triterpenoids. It is abundantly present in many edible and medicinal plants including Centella asiatica that is a reputed herb in many traditional medicine formulations for wound healing and neuropsychiatric diseases. AA possesses numerous pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and regulates apoptosis that attributes its therapeutic effects in numerous diseases. AA showed potent antihypertensive, nootropic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities in preclinical studies. In various in vitro and in vivo studies, AA found to affect many enzymes, receptors, growth factors, transcription factors, apoptotic proteins, and cell signaling cascades. This review aims to represent the available reports on therapeutic potential and the underlying pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of AA. The review also also discusses the challenges and prospects on the pharmaceutical development of AA such as pharmacokinetics, physicochemical properties, analysis and structural modifications, and drug delivery. AA showed favorable pharmacokinetics and found bioavailable following oral or interaperitoneal administration. The studies demonstrate the polypharmacological properties, therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of AA in numerous diseases. Taken together the evidences from available studies, AA appears one of the important multitargeted polypharmacological agents of natural origin for further pharmaceutical development and clinical application. Provided the favorable pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy, AA can be a promising agent or adjuvant along with currently used modern medicines with a pharmacological basis of its use in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Kapil Suchal
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Meicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Pentacyclic Triterpene Bioavailability: An Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030400. [PMID: 28273859 PMCID: PMC6155290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenes are naturally found in a great variety of fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants and are therefore part of the human diet. The beneficial health effects of edible and medicinal plants have partly been associated with their triterpene content, but the in vivo efficacy in humans depends on many factors, including absorption and metabolism. This review presents an overview of in vitro and in vivo studies that were carried out to determine the bioavailability of pentacyclic triterpenes and highlights the efforts that have been performed to improve the dissolution properties and absorption of these compounds. As plant matrices play a critical role in triterpene bioaccessibility, this review covers literature data on the bioavailability of pentacyclic triterpenes ingested either from foods and medicinal plants or in their free form.
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Lorent J, Lins L, Domenech Ò, Quetin-Leclercq J, Brasseur R, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Domain formation and permeabilization induced by the saponin α-hederin and its aglycone hederagenin in a cholesterol-containing bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4556-4569. [PMID: 24690040 DOI: 10.1021/la4049902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Saponins and triterpenic acids have been shown to be able to interact with lipid membranes and domains enriched with cholesterol (rafts). How saponins are able to modulate lipid phase separation in membranes and the role of the sugar chains for this activity is unknown. We demonstrate in a binary membrane model composed of DMPC/Chol (3:1 mol/mol) that the saponin α-hederin and its aglycone presenting no sugar chain, the triterpenic acid hederagenin, are able to induce the formation of lipid domains. We show on multilamellar vesicles (MLV), giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV), and supported planar bilayers (SPB) that the presence of sugar units on the sapogenin accelerates domain formation and increases the proportion of sterols within these domains. The domain shape is also influenced by the presence of sugars because α-hederin and hederagenin induce the formation of tubular and spherical domains, respectively. These highly curved structures should result from the induction of membrane curvature by both compounds. In addition to the formation of domains, α-hederin and hederagenin permeabilize GUV. The formation of membrane holes by α-hederin comes along with the accumulation of lipids into nonbilayer structures in SPB. This process might be responsible for the permeabilizing activity of both compounds. In LUV, permeabilization by α-hederin was sterol-dependent. The biological implications of our results and the mechanisms involved are discussed in relation to the activity of saponins and triterpenic acids on membrane rafts, cancer cells, and hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorent
- Université Catholique de Louvain , Louvain Drug Research Institute, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, B1.73.05, Avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Wongekalak LO, Hongsprabhas P. Influence of carbohydrates on self-association of mung bean protein hydrolysate in the presence of amphiphilic asiatic acid. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- La-Ongdao Wongekalak
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Faculty of Agro-Industry; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Parichat Hongsprabhas
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Faculty of Agro-Industry; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Dorota W, Marta K, Dorota TG. Effect of asiatic and ursolic acids on morphology, hydrophobicity, and adhesion of UPECs to uroepithelial cells. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 58:245-52. [PMID: 23132656 PMCID: PMC3629281 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion of bacteria to epithelial tissue is an essential step in the progression of the urinary tract infections. Reduction of virulence factors responsible for microbial attachment may help to decrease or inhibit colonization of the host organism by pathogens. In the age of increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance, more and more attention is being paid to the use of plants and/or their bioactive components in the prevention and treatment of human infections. Asiatic acid (AA) and ursolic acid (UA), two plant secondary metabolites, were used as potential antibacterial agents. The current study aimed to determine the possible impact of AA and UA on morphology, hydrophobicity, and adhesion of clinical uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains (UPEC) to the uroepithelial cells. Our work describes for the first time the effects exerted by AA and UA on virulence factors of UPECs. The impact of both acids on the cell surface hydrophobicity of the investigated strains was very weak. The results clearly show the influence of AA and UA on the presence of P fimbriae and curli fibers, morphology of the UPECs cells and their adhesion to epithelium; however, some differences between activities of AA and UA were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojnicz Dorota
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Jirasripongpun K, Jirakanjanakit N, Sakulsom P, Wongekalak LO, Hongsprabhas P. Influences of food matrices on cytotoxicity of asiatic acid in mammalian cell models. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wongekalak LO, Sakulsom P, Jirasripongpun K, Hongsprabhas P. Potential use of antioxidative mungbean protein hydrolysate as an anticancer asiatic acid carrier. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Triton X-100 concentration effects on membrane permeability of a single HeLa cell by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16783-7. [PMID: 20837548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011614107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in HeLa cell morphology, membrane permeability, and viability caused by the presence of Triton X-100 (TX100), a nonionic surfactant, were studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). No change in membrane permeability was found at concentrations of 0.15 mM or lower during an experimental period of 30 to 60 min. Permeability of the cell membrane to the otherwise impermeable, highly charged hydrophilic molecule ferrocyanide was seen starting at concentrations of TX100 of about 0.17 mM. This concentration level of TX100 did not affect cell viability. Based on a simulation model, the membrane permeability for ferrocyanide molecules passing though the live cell membrane was 6.5 ± 2.0 × 10(-6) m/s. Cells underwent irreversible permeabilization of the membrane and structural collapse when the TX100 concentration reached the critical micelle concentration (CMC), in the range of 0.19 to 0.20 mM. The impermeability of ferrocyanide molecules in the absence of surfactant was also used to determine the height and diameter of a single living cell with the aid of the approach curve and probe scan methods in SECM.
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