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Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Khusnun NF, Bahari MB, Hussain I, Firmansyah ML, Nugraha RE. Extra-modification of zirconium dioxide for potential photocatalytic applications towards environmental remediation: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116869. [PMID: 36455446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation is a valuable direction for eliminating organic pollutants in the environment because of its exceptional catalytic activity and low energy requirements. As one of the prospective photocatalysts, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is a promising candidate for photoactivity due to its favorable redox potential and higher chemical stability. ZrO2 has a high rate of electron-hole recombination and poor light-harvesting capabilities. Still, modification has demonstrated enhancements, especially extra-modification, and is therefore worthy of investigation. This present review provides a comprehensive overview of the extra-modifications of ZrO2 for enhanced photocatalytic performance, including coupling with other semiconductors, doping with metal, non-metal, and co-doping with metal and non-metal. The extra-modified ZrO2 showed superior performance in degrading the organic pollutant, particularly dyes and phenolic compounds. Interestingly, this review also briefly highlighted the probable mechanisms of the extra-modification of ZrO2 such as p-n heterojunction, type II heterojunction, and Z-scheme heterojunction. The latter heterojunction with excellent electron-hole space separation improved the photoactivity. Extensive research on ZrO2's photocatalytic potential is presented, including the removal of heavy metals, the redox of heavy metals and organic pollutants, and the evolution of hydrogen. Modified ZrO2's photocatalytic effectiveness depends on its band position, oxygen vacancy concentration, and metal defect sites. The opportunities and future problems of the extra-modified ZrO2 photocatalyst are also discussed. This review aims to share knowledge regarding extra-modified ZrO2 photocatalysts and inspire new environmental remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Hassan
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - N F Khusnun
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M B Bahari
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - I Hussain
- Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M L Firmansyah
- Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Airlangga University, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - R E Nugraha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
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Photocatalytic Inactivation as a Method of Elimination of E. coli from Drinking Water. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microorganisms, specifically the Escherichia coli, in drinking water is of global concern. This is mainly due to the health implications of these pathogens. Several conventional methods have been developed for their removal; however, this pathogen is still found in most drinking water. In the continuous quest for a more effective removal approach, photocatalysis has been considered as an alternative method for the elimination of pathogens including E. coli from water. Photocatalysis has many advantages compared to the conventional methods. It offers the advantage of non-toxicity and utilizes the energy from sunlight, thereby making it a completely green route. Since most photocatalysts could only be active in the ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum, which is less than 5% of the entire spectrum, the challenge associated with photocatalysis is the design of a system for the effective harvest and complete utilization of the solar energy for the photocatalytic process. In this review, different photocatalysts for effective inactivation of E. coli and the mechanism involved in the process were reviewed. Various strategies that have been adopted in order to modulate the band gap energy of these photocatalysts have been explored. In addition, different methods of estimating and detecting E. coli in drinking water were presented. Furthermore, different photocatalytic reactor designs for photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli were examined. Finally, the kinetics of E. coli inactivation was discussed.
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Shao GN, Imran S, Jeon SJ, Engole M, Abbas N, Salman Haider M, Kang SJ, Kim HT. Sol–gel synthesis of photoactive zirconia–titania from metal salts and investigation of their photocatalytic properties in the photodegradation of methylene blue. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ai Z, Gao Z, Su K, Ho W, Zhang L. Aerosol flow synthesis of N, Si-codoped TiO2 hollow microspheres with enhanced visible-light driven photocatalytic performance. CATAL COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Aman N, Mishra T, Hait J, Jana RK. Simultaneous photoreductive removal of copper (II) and selenium (IV) under visible light over spherical binary oxide photocatalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:360-366. [PMID: 21122990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Waste water of copper mines and copper processing plant contains both copper and selenium ions with other contaminants. In this paper simultaneous photoreductive removal of copper (II) and selenium (IV) is studied for the first time using spherical binary oxide photocatalysts under visible light. All the synthesized materials are found to be mesoporous in nature with reasonably high surface area. Among a range of hole scavengers, only EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) and formic acid are found to be the most active for the reduction reaction. A comparative study is carried out using both the hole scavengers varying reaction time, concentration, pH etc. For a single contaminant, EDTA is found to be the best for Cu(II) reduction whereas formic acid is the best for Se(IV) reduction. In a mixed solution both EDTA and formic acid perform very well under visible light irradiation. Highest photocatalytic reduction in a mixed solution is observed at pH 3. Among all the synthesized materials, TiZr-10 performs as the best photocatalyst for both Cu(II) and Se(IV) reduction. However under UV light, Degussa P25 performs slightly better than TiZr-10. Present study shows that 100 ppm of mixed solution can be removed under visible light in 40 min of reaction using TiZr-10 as catalyst. Photodeposited material is found to be copper selenide rather than pure copper and selenium metal. This indicates that the waste water containing copper and selenium ions can be efficiently treated under visible or solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Aman
- ACC Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Jamshedpur, India
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Jirglová H, Maldonado-Hódar FJ. Chemical interactions of surface-active agents with growing resorcinol-formaldehyde gels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:16103-16109. [PMID: 20860392 DOI: 10.1021/la102499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The influence of cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants (S) on the characteristics of carbon xerogels was analyzed. The polymerization of resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) was developed in an aqueous solution of S without any additional catalyst. The gels obtained were dried in air to obtain organic xerogels and then carbonized to carbon xerogels. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, TG, SEM, and N(2) and CO(2) adsorption. The formation of RF-S copolymers was observed for cationic and nonionic surfactants, but this was not observed for anionic S, probably because of repulsive electrostatic interactions between the two organic phases. Nevertheless, anionic S leads to a greater morphological transformation with the formation of nonporous needle particles associated with the higher pH induced by this S. Carbon xerogels are microporous materials with interesting molecular sieve behavior. The RF-S composites undergo greater shrinkage than do the pure RF xerogel; consequently, a narrower microporosity is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jirglová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Aman N, Mishra T, Sahu RK, Tiwari JP. Facile synthesis of mesoporous N doped zirconium titanium mixed oxide nanomaterial with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01342k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Plasmonic photocatalytic system using silver chloride/silver nanostructures under visible light. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 341:83-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Im JS, Yun SM, Lee YS. Investigation of multielemental catalysts based on decreasing the band gap of titania for enhanced visible light photocatalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 336:183-8. [PMID: 19447408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel photocatalysts based on carbon-, nitrogen-, boron-, and fluorine-codoped TiO(2) have been successfully prepared from a single precursor in order to obtain titania with a decreased band gap. Three kinds of catalytic mechanisms are suggested. Initially, boron acts as an initiator to lead the movement of electrons in the valence band, and then nitrogen and fluorine provide electrons in the valence band. Eventually, electrons in the valence band can travel to the conduction band through a carbon bridge. The effect of the calcination temperature was also evaluated for the photodegradation of dyes. Excellent photoactivity results were obtained in the case of samples treated at 400 degrees C and the phase transformation from anatase to rutile did not occur up to calcination temperatures of 800 degrees C. The photodegradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic expression. The exceptional visible photoactivities of the prepared catalysts can be predominantly attributed to the effects of doping on titania, reducing its band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Im
- Department of Fine Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong 220, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305 764, Republic of Korea
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