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Kumar S, Ganguly R, Nath S, Aswal VK. Pluronic Induced Interparticle Attraction and Re-entrant Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Charged Silica Nanoparticle Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37269303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuning surface properties of nanoparticles by introducing charge, surface functionalization, or polymer grafting is central to their stability and applications. Here, we show that introducing non-DLVO forces like steric and hydrophobic effects in charged silica nanoparticle suspensions through interaction with a nonionic surfactant brings about interesting modulations in their interparticle interaction and phase behavior. The Ludox TM-40 negatively charged silica suspensions thus exhibit liquid-liquid phase separation driven by the onset of interparticle attraction in the system in the presence of the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123. The observed phase separations are thermoresponsive in nature, as they are associated with lower consolute temperatures and a re-entrant behavior as a function of temperature. The nanoparticle-Pluronic system thus undergoes transformation from one-phase to two-phase and then back to one-phase with monotonic increase in temperature. Evolution of the interparticle interaction in the composite system is investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), zeta potential, rheological, and fluorescence spectroscopy studies. Zeta potential studies show that the charge interaction in the system is partially mitigated through adsorption of a Pluronic micellar layer on the nanoparticle surfaces. Contrast-matching SANS studies suggest that hydrophobic interactions between the adsorbed micellar layer bring about the onset of interparticle attraction in the system. The results are unique and not reported hitherto in charged silica nanoparticle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - R Ganguly
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - S Nath
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - V K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Adsorption of poly(methacrylic acid) onto differently charged silica nanoparticles and its consequences on particles clustering. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Cavallaro G, Chiappisi L, Gradzielski M, Lazzara G. Effect of the supramolecular interactions on the nanostructure of halloysite/biopolymer hybrids: a comprehensive study by SANS, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and electric birefringence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8193-8202. [PMID: 32249883 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural properties of halloysite/biopolymer aqueous mixtures were firstly investigated by means of combining different techniques, including small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), electric birefringence (EBR) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Among the biopolymers, non-ionic hydroxypropylcellulose and polyelectrolytes (anionic alginate and cationic chitosan) were selected. On this basis, the specific supramolecular interactions were correlated to the structural behavior of the halloysite/biopolymer mixtures. SANS data were analyzed in order to investigate the influence of the biopolymer adsorption on the halloysite gyration radius. In addition, a morphological description of the biopolymer-coated halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) was obtained by the simulation of SANS curves. EBR experiments evidenced that the orientation dynamics of the nanotubes in the electric field is influenced by the specific interactions with the polymers. Namely, both variations of the polymer charge and/or wrapping mechanisms strongly affected the HNT alignment process and, consequently, the rotational mobility of the nanotubes. FCS measurements with fluorescently labeled biopolymers allowed us to study the aqueous dynamic behavior of ionic biopolymers after their adsorption onto the HNT surfaces. The combination of EBR and FCS results revealed that the adsorption process reduces the mobility in water of both components. These effects are strongly enhanced by HNT/polyelectrolyte electrostatic interactions and wrapping processes occurring in the halloysite/chitosan mixture. The attained findings can be useful for designing halloysite/polymer hybrids with controlled structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze pad 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy and Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, 10623 Berlin, Germany and LSS Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze pad 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy. and Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
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Abdullahi W, Crossman M, Griffiths PC. Surfactant-Modulation of the Cationic-Polymer-Induced Aggregation of Anionic Particulate Dispersions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020287. [PMID: 32024169 PMCID: PMC7077465 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commodity formulations contain many chemically distinct components and their mutual interactions define the beneficial characteristics of the formulation. Mixing oppositely charged polymers and surfactants invariably induces macroscopic phase separation, to a degree dependent on the prevailing polymer and surface charge densities, and the interaction can be modulated by added ionic surfactants. Here, it is shown that a general universality exists between the charge present on a series of cationic-modified cellulose polymers—the charge being controlled either by the degree of cationic modification of the polymer itself or through the subsequent level of anionic surfactant binding—and its capacity to remove anionic colloidal material from solution, be that silica particles or polystyrene-butadiene lattices. Particulate material not removed from solution bears no adsorbed polymer, i.e., the particle surface is bare. Addition of nonionic surfactant does not negate this universality, implying that the nonionic surfactant is largely a spectator molecule or structure (micelle) in these systems, and that the dominant force is an electrostatic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiu Abdullahi
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Martin Crossman
- Unilever Research, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK;
| | - Peter Charles Griffiths
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-208-331-9549
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Huang J, Yan Y, Xie L, Liu H, Huang C, Lu Q, Qiu X, Zeng H. Probing the Self-Assembly and Nonlinear Friction Behavior of Confined Gold Nano-Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15701-15709. [PMID: 31475530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For the wide application of nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., in nanotribology), it is of fundamental and practical importance to understand the self-assembly and lubrication behavior of confined NPs. In this work, a systematic study was conducted to probe the assembly and associated surface forces of spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs, diameter ∼5 nm) confined between pairs of mica (negatively charged) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane modified mica (APTES-mica, positively charged) surfaces using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) under aqueous conditions. It is observed that Au NPs were squeezed out of the confined gap between two mica surfaces during the loading process, resulting from the repulsive electric-double layer force. In contrast, multilayers of Au NPs were confined between two APTES-mica surfaces because of the attractive double-layer force between oppositely charged Au NPs and APTES-mica. Interestingly, the interaction between Au NPs and APTES-mica is stronger than the interactions between Au NPs, resulting in the rearrangement of the confined Au NPs under shearing. Importantly, a large friction coefficient (μ > 0.7) with unexpected nonlinear stick-slip friction was observed when sliding two APTES-mica surfaces with thin layers of Au NPs (∼20 nm) confined in between. The observed stick-slip motion could be explained by the velocity-dependent friction model where a critical shear velocity was required for transiting from stick-slip to smooth sliding. Our study provides useful information on the assembly and interaction forces of confined nanoparticles on charged surfaces, with implications for predicting the behaviors of NPs under confinement in various engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250061 , China
| | - Yonggan Yan
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250061 , China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Hanlian Liu
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250061 , China
| | - Chuanzhen Huang
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250061 , China
| | - Qingye Lu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250100 , China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
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Wang Z, Niether D, Buitenhuis J, Liu Y, Lang PR, Dhont JKG, Wiegand S. Thermophoresis of a Colloidal Rod: Contributions of Charge and Grafted Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1000-1007. [PMID: 30607956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the thermodiffusion behavior of a colloidal model system as a function of the Debye length, λDH, which is controlled by the ionic strength. Our system consists of an fd-virus grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molecular mass of 5000 g mol-1. The results are compared with recent measurements on a bare fd-virus and with results of PEG. The diffusion coefficients of both viruses are comparable and increase with the increasing Debye length. The thermal diffusion coefficient, DT, of the bare virus increases strongly with the Debye length, whereas DT of the grafted fd-virus shows only a very weak increase. The Debye length dependence of both systems can be described with an expression derived for charged rods using the surface charge density and an offset of DT as adjustable parameters. It turns out that the ratio of the determined surface charges is inverse to the ratio of the surfaces of the two systems, which means that the total charge remains almost constant. The determined offset of the grafted fd-virus describing the chemical contributions is the sum of DT of PEG and the offset of the bare fd-virus. At high λDH, corresponding to the low ionic strength, the ST values of both colloidal model systems approach each other. This implies a contribution from the polymer layer, which is strong at short λDH and fades out for the longer Debye lengths, when the electric double layer reaches further than the polymer chains and therefore dominates interactions with the surrounding water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Wang
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
| | - Doreen Niether
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
| | - Johan Buitenhuis
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
| | - Yi Liu
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
| | - Peter R Lang
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
| | - Jan K G Dhont
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
- Department of Physics , Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , D-40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Simone Wiegand
- ICS-3 Soft Condensed Matter , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52428 Jülich , Germany
- Department für Chemie-Physikalische Chemie , Universität zu Köln , 50939 Cologne , Germany
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7
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Guo Y, Sun J, Bai S, Wu X. pH-Sensitive performance of dextran–poly(acrylic acid) copolymer and its application in controlled in vitro release of ibuprofen. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1291509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shiyang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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8
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Effect of particle/polymer number ratio on the structure and dynamics of complex between large polymer and nanoparticle. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Gambinossi F, Mylon SE, Ferri JK. Aggregation kinetics and colloidal stability of functionalized nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:332-49. [PMID: 25150615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of nanoparticles has primarily been used as a means to impart stability in nanoparticle suspensions. In most cases even the most advanced nanomaterials lose their function should suspensions aggregate and settle, but with the capping agents designed for specific solution chemistries, functionalized nanomaterials generally remain monodisperse in order to maintain their function. The importance of this cannot be underestimated in light of the growing use of functionalized nanomaterials for wide range of applications. Advanced functionalization schemes seek to exert fine control over suspension stability with small adjustments to a single, controllable variable. This review is specific to functionalized nanoparticles and highlights the synthesis and attachment of novel functionalization schemes whose design is meant to affect controllable aggregation. Some examples of these materials include stimulus responsive polymers for functionalization which rely on a bulk solution physicochemical threshold (temperature or pH) to transition from a stable (monodisperse) to aggregated state. Also discussed herein are the primary methods for measuring the kinetics of particle aggregation and theoretical descriptions of conventional and novel models which have demonstrated the most promise for the appropriate reduction of experimental data. Also highlighted are the additional factors that control nanoparticle stability such as the core composition, surface chemistry and solution condition. For completeness, a case study of gold nanoparticles functionalized using homologous block copolymers is discussed to demonstrate fine control over the aggregation state of this type of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Gambinossi
- Lafayette College, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Easton, PA 18042, USA.
| | - Steven E Mylon
- Lafayette College, Department of Chemistry, Easton, PA 18042, USA.
| | - James K Ferri
- Lafayette College, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Easton, PA 18042, USA.
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10
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Dicationic poly(4-vinyl pyridinium) ionic liquid capsules as template for Co nanoparticle preparation and H2 production from hydrolysis of NaBH4. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Joksimovic R, Mizukami M, Hojo D, Adschiri T, Kurihara K. Surface forces between mica surfaces confining inorganic nanoparticle dispersions and frictional properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Complexation of polymeric stabilisers in solution and at the silica nanoparticle interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Kumar S, Aswal VK, Callow P. pH-dependent interaction and resultant structures of silica nanoparticles and lysozyme protein. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1588-1598. [PMID: 24475981 DOI: 10.1021/la403896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and UV-visible spectroscopy studies have been carried out to examine pH-dependent interactions and resultant structures of oppositely charged silica nanoparticles and lysozyme protein in aqueous solution. The measurements were carried out at fixed concentration (1 wt %) of three differently sized silica nanoparticles (8, 16, and 26 nm) over a wide concentration range of protein (0-10 wt %) at three different pH values (5, 7, and 9). The adsorption curve as obtained by UV-visible spectroscopy shows exponential behavior of protein adsorption on nanoparticles. The electrostatic interaction enhanced by the decrease in the pH between the nanoparticle and protein (isoelectric point ∼11.4) increases the adsorption coefficient on nanoparticles but decreases the overall amount protein adsorbed whereas the opposite behavior is observed with increasing nanoparticle size. The adsorption of protein leads to the protein-mediated aggregation of nanoparticles. These aggregates are found to be surface fractals at pH 5 and change to mass fractals with increasing pH and/or decreasing nanoparticle size. Two different concentration regimes of interaction of nanoparticles with protein have been observed: (i) unaggregated nanoparticles coexisting with aggregated nanoparticles at low protein concentrations and (ii) free protein coexisting with aggregated nanoparticles at higher protein concentrations. These concentration regimes are found to be strongly dependent on both the pH and nanoparticle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugam Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Mun EA, Hannell C, Rogers SE, Hole P, Williams AC, Khutoryanskiy VV. On the role of specific interactions in the diffusion of nanoparticles in aqueous polymer solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:308-17. [PMID: 24354390 PMCID: PMC3931530 DOI: 10.1021/la4029035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nanoparticle diffusion within non-Newtonian biological and synthetic fluids is essential in designing novel formulations (e.g., nanomedicines for drug delivery, shampoos, lotions, coatings, paints, etc.), but is presently poorly defined. This study reports the diffusion of thiolated and PEGylated silica nanoparticles, characterized by small-angle neutron scattering, in solutions of various water-soluble polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) probed using NanoSight nanoparticle tracking analysis. Results show that the diffusivity of nanoparticles is affected by their dimensions, medium viscosity, and, in particular, the specific interactions between nanoparticles and the macromolecules in solution; strong attractive interactions such as hydrogen bonding hamper diffusion. The water-soluble polymers retarded the diffusion of thiolated particles in the order PEO > PVP > PAA > HEC whereas for PEGylated silica particles retardation followed the order PAA > PVP = HEC > PEO. In the absence of specific interactions with the medium, PEGylated nanoparticles exhibit enhanced mobility compared to their thiolated counterparts despite some increase in their dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellina A. Mun
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading, Berkshire RG6
6AD, U.K.
| | - Claire Hannell
- NanoSight Ltd, Minton Park, London Road, Amesbury SP4 7RT, U.K.
| | - Sarah E. Rogers
- ISIS Spallation Neutron
Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX U.K.
| | - Patrick Hole
- NanoSight Ltd, Minton Park, London Road, Amesbury SP4 7RT, U.K.
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading, Berkshire RG6
6AD, U.K.
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading, Berkshire RG6
6AD, U.K.
- E-mail: ,. Tel: +44 (0) 118 373 6119
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