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Ma Y, You W, Yang Z, Ren Z, Jing Q. In-depth understanding of transport behavior of sulfided nano zerovalent iron/reduced graphene oxide@guar gum slurry: Stability and mobility. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 144:1-14. [PMID: 38802222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI), which has the advantages of small particle size, large specific surface area, and high reactivity, is often injected into contaminated aquifers in the form of slurry. However, the prone to passivation and agglomeration as well as poor stability and mobility of NZVI limit the further application of this technology in fields. Therefore, sulfided NZVI loaded on reduced graphene oxide (S-NZVI/rGO) and guar gum (GG) with shear-thinning properties as stabilizers were used to synthesize S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurries. SEM, TEM, and FT-IR confirmed that the dispersion and anti-passivation of NZVI were optimized in the coupled system. The stability and mobility of the slurry were improved by increasing the GG concentration, enhancing the pH, and decreasing the ionic strength and the presence of Ca2+ ions, respectively. A modified advection-dispersion equation (ADE) was used to simulate the transport experiments considering the strain and physicochemical deposition/release. Meanwhile, colloidal filtration theory (CFT) demonstrated that Brownian motion plays a dominant role in the migration of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry, and the maximum migration distance can be increased by appropriately increasing the injection rate. Extended-Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory showed that the excellent stability and migration of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry mainly came from the GG spatial forces. This study has important implications for the field injection of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry. According to the injection parameters, the injection range of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry is effectively controlled, which lays the foundation for the promotion of application in actual fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Ma
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenhui You
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhongyu Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qi Jing
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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2
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Liu G, Zhan W, Huo L, Chen W, Zhong H. Kinetic stability of Fe-based nanoparticles with rheological modification by xanthan gum: A critical stabilization concentration and the underlying mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131270. [PMID: 38556237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced kinetic stability of Fe-NPs in groundwater is a focus in application of Fe-NPs for groundwater remediation. The effect of surfactants (Triton X-100 and SDBS) and polymers (XG, SA, CCS, PSS and PVP) on the kinetic stability of Fe-NPs were studied with sedimentation experiments. Polymers improved stability of nFe3O4 and XG had the best effect, while surfactants had minimal effect. There was a critical concentration (CSC) for XG to stabilize nFe3O4, which was 2.0 g/L. At such a concentration nFe3O4, nFe2O3, and nCuO did not settled in 10 h, while the settlement occurred below the concentration and increased with decreasing XG concentration. At CSC XG could stabilize 20 g/L of nFe3O4 for >30 days and 8.0 g/L of nZVI for 13 days. Rheology studies indicated that the enhanced stability was due to the entanglement of XG molecules in the concentration range of 0.5-2.8 g/L and the formation of a uniform entangled network at CSC concentration was responsible for non-sedimentation of Fe-NPs. At hyper-CSC concentrations under the regime of concentrated network (>2.8 g/L), the stability of nFe3O4 and nFe2O3 decreased due to depletion interaction. The rules for XG to stabilize particles and information about the critical concentration will improve XG application in groundwater remediation using Fe-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guansheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weiyong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lili Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Ningbo Institute of Digital Twin, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo 315200, China.
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Omirbekov S, Colombano S, Alamooti A, Batikh A, Cochennec M, Amanbek Y, Ahmadi-Senichault A, Davarzani H. Experimental study of DNAPL displacement by a new densified polymer solution and upscaling problems of aqueous polymer flow in porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 252:104120. [PMID: 36495693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of DNAPL-contaminated soil with lower-density fluids is ineffective due to the over-riding of displacing fluid. The densification of biopolymers is experimentally studied to develop a solution with the same density as a pollutant. Polymer solutions and contaminants are characterized through rheometer. A 1D column filled with monodisperse glass beads was used to measure their apparent viscosity in porous media. The displacement of pollutants by biopolymers (such as xanthan gum, guar gum, and carboxymethyl cellulose) and densified solutions based on barite are investigated in the 1D porous column. In addition, the polymer solution flow is studied using an upscaling method based on the shear viscosity measured with rheometer. The upscaling results are compared with the 1D column experimental outcomes. We found that carboxymethyl cellulose is the best for densifying polymer and showed the highest remediation yield for DNAPL remediation. The polymers' rheology was represented well through the Carreau rheological model. The discrepancy of apparent viscosity in porous media from polymers' shear viscosity measured with rheometer is explained by the adsorption of polymers on pore surfaces and deposition of barite particles in a porous medium, which led to a decrease in permeability. The upscaling results are in good agreement with experimental outcomes at low-pressure gradients. The impact of porous media geometry on polymer flow in porous media is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagyn Omirbekov
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans 45100, France; Institut de Mécanique et Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Talence 33405, France; Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Stéfan Colombano
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans 45100, France
| | - Amir Alamooti
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans 45100, France; Institut de Mécanique et Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Talence 33405, France
| | - Ali Batikh
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans 45100, France
| | - Maxime Cochennec
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans 45100, France
| | - Yerlan Amanbek
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Azita Ahmadi-Senichault
- Institut de Mécanique et Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Talence 33405, France
| | - Hossein Davarzani
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans 45100, France
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Behari M, Das D, Mohanty AM. Influence of Surfactant for Stabilization and Pipeline Transportation of Iron Ore Water Slurry: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28708-28722. [PMID: 36033703 PMCID: PMC9404186 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron ore is generally transported using a traditional method that releases significant amounts of dust into the environment. In contrast, the pipeline transportation of slurry is noticeably a sustainable approach for efficiently transporting iron ore by reducing the environmental pollution. The interparticle interaction of the iron ore particles should be mutually repulsive for steady dispersion. Surfactants and polymers adsorb efficiently at the solid/liquid interface due to their amphiphilic character, rendering the surface hydrophilic or hydrophobic to create a stable dispersion. The present review discusses the interaction of surfactants on the stabilization of solid particles for the ease of pipeline transportation using various types of stabilization mechanisms. In addition to the effect of surfactant alone, its combination with some other parameters such as particle size distribution, temperature, solid concentration, etc. has been discussed. The review also describes the detailed classification of iron ore, surfactant, and characteristic properties of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakini Behari
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Centurion University
of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Debadutta Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Basic Science & Humanities, Radhakrishna Institute of Technology and Engineering, IDCO-01, IDCO Industrial Estate, Barunei, Khordha, Odisha 752057, India
| | - Ardhendu Mouli Mohanty
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Centurion University
of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
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Han P, Xie J, Qin X, Yang X, Zhao Y. Experimental study on in situ remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater by sulfidated micron zero valent iron stabilized with xanthan gum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154422. [PMID: 35276162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Micron zero valent iron (mZVI) was an underground remediation material, which had great application potential to replace nano zero valent iron (nZVI) from the perspective of economic and health benefits. However, mZVI was highly prone to gravitational settling, which limited its wide application for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. This paper was devoted to develop an efficient and economical groundwater remediation material based on mZVI, which should possess excellent stability, reactivity, and transportability. Thereby xanthan gum (XG) stabilized and Na2S2O4 sulfidated mZVI (XG-S-mZVI) was synthesized and characterized with SEM, XRD, XPS, and FTIR techniques. In terms of stability, the adsorbed XG and the dispersed XG worked together to resist the sedimentation of S-mZVI. In terms of reactivity, sulfidation enhanced the electron transfer rate and electron selectivity of XG-S-mZVI, thereby improved the reactivity of XG-S-mZVI. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal rate constant by XG-S-mZVI was determined to be 832.4 times than bare mZVI. In terms of transportability, the transportability of XG-S-mZVI was greatly improved (~80 cm in coarse sand and ~50 cm in medium sand). Straining was the main mechanism of XG-S-mZVI retention in porous media. XG-S-mZVI in situ reactive zone (XG-S-mZVI-IRZ) was only suitable to the media with a grain size larger than 0.25 mm. This study could provide theoretical support and guidance for the implementation of IRZ technology based on mZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Han
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiayin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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6
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Zhao H, Chen B, Zhang L, Zhang X, Tang Q, Duan M, Fang S. Solution Properties of a Composite System Containing Dynamic Borate Ester Bonds Formed by a Guar Gum and Polyboric Acid Compounds. J MACROMOL SCI B 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2022.2049074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CNOOC Energy Technology Drilling & Production Co, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Institute of Petrochina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenwen Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Design of facile technology for the efficient removal of hydroxypropyl guar gum from fracturing fluid. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247948. [PMID: 33661981 PMCID: PMC7932517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for energy, fracturing technology is widely used in oilfield operations over the last decades. Typically, fracturing fluids contain various additives such as cross linkers, thickeners and proppants, and so forth, which makes it possess the properties of considerably complicated components and difficult processing procedure. There are still some difficult points needing to be explored and resolved in the hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG) removal process, e.g., high viscosity and removal of macromolecular organic compounds. Our works provided a facile and economical HPG removal technology for fracturing fluids by designing a series of processes including gel-breaking, coagulation and precipitation according to the diffusion double layer theory. After this treatment process, the fracturing fluid can meet the requirements of reinjection, and the whole process was environment friendly without secondary pollution characteristics. In this work, the fracturing fluid were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technologies, etc. Further, the micro-stabilization and destabilization mechanisms of HPG in fracturing fluid were carefully investigated. This study maybe opens up new perspective for HPG removal technologies, exhibiting a low cost and strong applicability in both fundamental research and practical applications.
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8
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Zhu X, Zhou L, Li Y, Han B, Feng Q. Rapid Degradation of Carbon Tetrachloride by Microscale Ag/Fe Bimetallic Particles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2124. [PMID: 33671627 PMCID: PMC7931072 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cost-effective zero valent iron (ZVI)-based bimetallic particles are a novel and promising technology for contaminant removal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CCl4 removal from aqueous solution using microscale Ag/Fe bimetallic particles which were prepared by depositing Ag on millimeter-scale sponge ZVI particles. Kinetics of CCl4 degradation, the effect of Ag loading, the Ag/Fe dosage, initial solution pH, and humic acid on degradation efficiency were investigated. Ag deposited on ZVI promoted the CCl4 degradation efficiency and rate. The CCl4 degradation resulted from the indirect catalytic reduction of absorbed atomic hydrogen and the direct reduction on the ZVI surface. The CCl4 degradation by Ag/Fe particles was divided into slow reaction stage and accelerated reaction stage, and both stages were in accordance with the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The degradation rate of CCl4 in the accelerated reaction stage was 2.29-5.57-fold faster than that in the slow reaction stage. The maximum degradation efficiency was obtained for 0.2 wt.% Ag loading. The degradation efficiency increased with increasing Ag/Fe dosage. The optimal pH for CCl4 degradation by Ag/Fe was about 6. The presence of humic acid had an adverse effect on CCl4 removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (L.Z.); (Q.F.)
| | - Lai Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (L.Z.); (Q.F.)
| | - Yuncong Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA;
| | - Baoping Han
- School of Geography & Geomatics and Urban-Rural Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Qiyan Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (L.Z.); (Q.F.)
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9
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Hauswirth SC, Bowers CA, Fowler CP, Schultz PB, Hauswirth AD, Weigand T, Miller CT. Modeling cross model non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2020; 235:103708. [PMID: 32896762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluids exhibiting non-Newtonian rheologies are used in a range of applications, including hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, remediation, and industrial processes. Hydraulic fracturing in particular has received attention from environmental scientists, policy-makers, and the general public due in part to concerns about the possibility of contamination of groundwater resources by the complex and potentially harmful fluids used in the process. The non-Newtonian nature of many hydraulic fracturing fluids complicates the prediction of their movement, and precludes use of most traditional flow and transport models. To improve understanding of the flow of such fluids in porous media, a series of column experiments was conducted and a pore-scale lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) was developed, verified, and used to simulate analogous systems. Flow experiments were conducted with guar gum solutions of varying concentration and three porous media systems. The LBM was developed for transient, three-dimensional porous medium systems and included a shear rate-dependent dynamic viscosity based on the Cross rheological model. The LBM was verified using a semi-analytical solution for Cross model fluid flow, OpenFOAM simulations, and grid resolution inter-comparisons between two different solution approaches. Simulations were performed on synthetic porous medium systems produced with a sphere packing algorithm to approximate the properties of the experimental systems. The simulations were in good agreement with the experimental results, particularly for systems that exhibited the greatest non-Newtonian character. The modeling approach developed in this work provides a valuable tool for investigating relationships between pore-scale fluid flow and macroscale variables of interest for simulating movement of non-Newtonian fluids at larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Hauswirth
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States.
| | - Christopher A Bowers
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
| | - Christopher P Fowler
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
| | - Pamela B Schultz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
| | - Amanda Dye Hauswirth
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
| | - Timothy Weigand
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
| | - Cass T Miller
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States
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10
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Injection of Zerovalent Iron Gels for Aquifer Nanoremediation: Lab Experiments and Modeling. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the main technical problems faced during field-scale injections of iron microparticles (mZVI) for groundwater nanoremediation is related to their poor colloidal stability and mobility in porous media. In this study, a shear-thinning gel, composed of a mixture of two environmentally friendly biopolymers, i.e., guar gum and xanthan gum, was employed to overcome these limitations. The slurry rheology and particle mobility were characterized by column transport tests. Then, a radial transport experiment was performed to mimic the particle delivery in more realistic conditions. The gel, even at a low polymeric content (1.75 g/L), proved effective in enhancing the mobility of high concentrated mZVI suspensions (20 g/L) in field-like conditions. The high radius of influence (73 cm) and homogeneous iron distribution were achieved by maintaining a low injection overpressure (<0.4 bar). Based only on the information derived from column tests, the MNMs 2018 software (Micro- and Nanoparticle transport, filtration, and clogging Model-Suite) was able to predict the particle distribution and pressure build-up measured in the radial domain. Experimental and simulated results showed good agreement, thus proving that a simplified experimental-modeling procedure based on 1D column tests could be used to effectively upscale the slurry behavior to more representative scales, e.g., radial domains.
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11
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12
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Chen H, Carter KE. Characterization of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids for wells located in the Marcellus Shale Play. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 200:312-324. [PMID: 28591666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing, coupled with the advances in horizontal drilling, has been used for recovering oil and natural gas from shale formations and has aided in increasing the production of these energy resources. The large volumes of hydraulic fracturing fluids used in this technology contain chemical additives, which may be toxic organics or produce toxic degradation byproducts. This paper investigated the chemicals introduced into the hydraulic fracturing fluids for completed wells located in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from data provided by the well operators. The results showed a total of 5071 wells, with average water volumes of 5,383,743 ± 2,789,077 gal (mean ± standard deviation). A total of 517 chemicals was introduced into the formulated hydraulic fracturing fluids. Of the 517 chemicals listed by the operators, 96 were inorganic compounds, 358 chemicals were organic species, and the remaining 63 cannot be identified. Many toxic organics were used in the hydraulic fracturing fluids. Some of them are carcinogenic, including formaldehyde, naphthalene, and acrylamide. The degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates would produce more toxic, persistent, and estrogenic intermediates. Acrylamide monomer as a primary degradation intermediate of polyacrylamides is carcinogenic. Most of the chemicals appearing in the hydraulic fracturing fluids can be removed when adopting the appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Kimberly E Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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13
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Maranescu B, Lupa L, Visa A. Heavy metal removal from waste waters by phosphonate metal organic frameworks. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The increase attention in the area of phosphonate metal organic framework is exemplified with a variety of applications and a rich chemistry of these compounds. Water pollution caused by heavy metal ions is a major concern due to their toxicity to many life forms. In order to decrease the heavy metals impact upon the environment various technologies of water treatment such as: chemical sedimentation, ion exchange, redox process are studied. The tendency is to find a versatile and economical method of heavy metals removal from waste waters. Phosphonate metal organic frameworks were obtained by the reaction of Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O, phosphonic acid (phosphonoacetic (CP), vinyl phosphonic acid (VP) and N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine (Gly)) in hydrothermal conditions. Coordination polymers synthesized were characterized by FTIR, XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption processes represent a very good alternative for heavy metals removal due to low costs and ease of operation. In the present paper the adsorption performance of the mentioned materials in the removal process of heavy metals from aqueous solutions, was studied using the batch method. The adsorption conditions were investigated by varying the initial pH, contact time and adsorbate initial concentration for chromium metal ions removal from aqueous solutions. It was found that the adsorption efficiency of the studied materials in the removal process of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions is in the following order: Ni-CP<Ni-Gly≤Ni-VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maranescu
- Institute of Chemistry Timişoara of the Romanian Academy , 24 M. Viteazul Ave , Timişoara – 300223 , Romania
| | - Lavinia Lupa
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , University Politehnica Timisoara , 2 Piata Victoriei, 300006 , Timisoara , Romania
| | - Aurelia Visa
- Institute of Chemistry Timişoara of the Romanian Academy , 24 M. Viteazul Ave , Timişoara – 300223 , Romania
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14
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Xiao Z, Zhang H, Xu Y, Yuan M, Jing X, Huang J, Li Q, Sun D. Ultra-efficient removal of chromium from aqueous medium by biogenic iron based nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Padil Vinod VT, Wacławek S, Senan C, Kupčík J, Pešková K, Černík M, Somashekarappa HM. Gum karaya (Sterculia urens) stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles: characterization and applications for the removal of chromium and volatile organic pollutants from water. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper illustrates a method for the stabilization of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) suspensions with a “green” biopolymer, Gum Karaya (GK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellora Thekkae Padil Vinod
- Centre for Nanomaterials
- Advanced Technologies and Innovation
- Technical University of Liberec
- 461 17 Liberec
- Czech Republic
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Centre for Nanomaterials
- Advanced Technologies and Innovation
- Technical University of Liberec
- 461 17 Liberec
- Czech Republic
| | - Chandra Senan
- Centre for Water Soluble Polymers
- Applied Science, Engineering and Computing
- Glyndwr University
- Wales
- UK
| | - Jaroslav Kupčík
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 250 68 Řež
- Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Pešková
- Centre for Nanomaterials
- Advanced Technologies and Innovation
- Technical University of Liberec
- 461 17 Liberec
- Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Centre for Nanomaterials
- Advanced Technologies and Innovation
- Technical University of Liberec
- 461 17 Liberec
- Czech Republic
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16
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Stabilization of Iron (Micro)Particles with Polyhydroxybutyrate for In Situ Remediation Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6120417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Velimirovic M, Schmid D, Wagner S, Micić V, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T. Agar agar-stabilized milled zerovalent iron particles for in situ groundwater remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:713-23. [PMID: 26596889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Submicron-scale milled zerovalent iron (milled ZVI) particles produced by grinding macroscopic raw materials could provide a cost-effective alternative to nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles for in situ degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in groundwater. However, the aggregation and settling of bare milled ZVI particles from suspension presents a significant obstacle to their in situ application for groundwater remediation. In our investigations we reduced the rapid aggregation and settling rate of bare milled ZVI particles from suspension by stabilization with a "green" agar agar polymer. The transport potential of stabilized milled ZVI particle suspensions in a diverse array of natural heterogeneous porous media was evaluated in a series of well-controlled laboratory column experiments. The impact of agar agar on trichloroethene (TCE) removal by milled ZVI particles was assessed in laboratory-scale batch reactors. The use of agar agar significantly enhanced the transport of milled ZVI particles in all of the investigated porous media. Reactivity tests showed that the agar agar-stabilized milled ZVI particles were reactive towards TCE, but that their reactivity was an order of magnitude less than that of bare, non-stabilized milled ZVI particles. Our results suggest that milled ZVI particles could be used as an alternative to nZVI particles as their potential for emplacement into contaminated zone, their reactivity, and expected longevity are beneficial for in situ groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velimirovic
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Schmid
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vesna Micić
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Biodegradation of crosslinked polyurethane acrylates/guar gum composites under natural soil burial conditions. E-POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study investigated the effect of the guar gum content on the degradation behavior of the polyester and polyether polyurethane acrylate composites under outdoor soil-burial exposure. Polyurethane acrylates-guar gum composites were characterized before and after soil degradation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the addition of guar gum produces significant improvement in the degradation rate of these composites. The guar gum filler’s susceptibility to humidity and to soil microorganisms resulted in significant chemical and morphological changes in the entire structure of the composite. Guar gum incorporation into the matrix of the crosslinked polyurethane acrylates leads to a significant decrease in the mechanical properties of the composite films after soil burial exposure.
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19
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Xin J, Tang F, Zheng X, Shao H, Kolditz O. Transport and retention of xanthan gum-stabilized microscale zero-valent iron particles in saturated porous media. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:199-206. [PMID: 26497937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microscale zero valent iron (mZVI) is a promising material for in-situ contaminated groundwater remediation. However, its usefulness has been usually inhibited by mZVI particles' low mobility in saturated porous media for sedimentation and deposition. In our study, laboratory experiments, including sedimentation studies, rheological measurements and transport tests, were conducted to investigate the feasibility of xanthan gum (XG) being used as a coating agent for mZVI particle stabilization. In addition, the effects of XG concentration, flow rate, grain diameter and water chemistry on XG-coated mZVI (XG-mZVI) particle mobility were explored by analyzing its breakthrough curves and retention profiles. It was demonstrated that XG worked efficiently to enhance the suspension stability and mobility of mZVI particles through the porous media as a shear thinning fluid, especially at a higher concentration level (3 g/L). The results of the column study showed that the mobility of XG-mZVI particles increased with an increasing flow rate and larger grain diameter. At the highest flow rate (2.30 × 10(-3) m/s) within the coarsest porous media (0.8-1.2 mm), 86.52% of the XG-mZVI flowed through the column. At the lowest flow rate (0.97 × 10(-4) m/s) within the finest porous media (0.3-0.6 mm), the retention was dramatically strengthened, with only 48.22% of the particles flowing through the column. The XG-mZVI particles appeared to be easily trapped at the beginning of the column especially at a low flow rate. In terms of two representative water chemistry parameters (ion strength and pH value), no significant influence on XG-mZVI particle mobility was observed. The experimental results suggested that straining was the primary mechanism of XG-mZVI retention under saturated condition. Given the above results, the specific site-related conditions should be taken into consideration for the design of a successful delivery system to achieve a compromise between maximizing the radius of influence of the injection and minimizing the injection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xilai Zheng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Haibing Shao
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ/TU Dresden, Leipzig 034202, Germany
| | - Olaf Kolditz
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ/TU Dresden, Leipzig 034202, Germany
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20
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Tiraferri A, Borkovec M. Probing effects of polymer adsorption in colloidal particle suspensions by light scattering as relevant for the aquatic environment: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 535:131-140. [PMID: 25434471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Modification of particle surfaces by adsorption of polymers is a process that governs particle behavior in aqueous environmental systems. The present article briefly reviews the current understanding of the adsorption mechanisms and the properties of the resulting layers, and it discusses two environmentally relevant cases of particle modification by polymers. In particular, the discussion focuses on the usefulness of methods based on light scattering to probe such adsorbed layers together with the resulting properties of the particle suspensions, and it highlights advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. Measurement of the electrophoretic mobility allows to follow the development of the adsorption layer and to characterize the charge of the modified particles. At saturation, the surface charge is governed by the charge of the adsorbed film. Dynamic light scattering provides information on the film thickness and on the behavior of the modified suspensions. The charge and the structure of the adsorbed layer influence the stability of the particles, as well as the applicability of the classical theory of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO). This fundamental knowledge is presented in the light of environmental systems and its significance for applied systems is underlined. In particular, the article discusses two examples of environmental processes involving adsorption of polymers, namely, the modification of particles by natural adsorption of humic substances and the tailoring of surface properties of iron-based particles used to remediate contaminated aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Tiraferri
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Michal Borkovec
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Luna M, Gastone F, Tosco T, Sethi R, Velimirovic M, Gemoets J, Muyshondt R, Sapion H, Klaas N, Bastiaens L. Pressure-controlled injection of guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron for groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 181:46-58. [PMID: 25971233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports a pilot injection test of microsized zerovalent iron (mZVI) dispersed in a guar gum shear thinning solution. The test was performed in the framework of the EU research project AQUAREHAB in a site in Belgium contaminated by chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs). The field application was aimed to overcome those critical aspects which hinder mZVI field injection, mainly due to the colloidal instability of ZVI-based suspensions. The iron slurry properties (iron particles size and concentration, polymeric stabilizer type and concentration, slurry viscosity) were designed in the laboratory based on several tests (reactivity tests towards contaminants, sedimentation tests and rheological measurements). The particles were delivered into the aquifer through an injection well specifically designed for controlled-pressure delivery (approximately 10 bars). The well characteristics and the critical pressure of the aquifer (i.e. the injection pressure above which fracturing occurs) were assessed via two innovative injection step rate tests, one performed with water and the other one with guar gum. Based on laboratory and field preliminary tests, a flow regime at the threshold between permeation and preferential flow was selected for mZVI delivery, as a compromise between the desired homogeneous distribution of the mZVI around the injection point (ensured by permeation flow) and the fast and effective injection of the slurry (guaranteed by high discharge rates and injection pressure, resulting in the generation of preferential flow paths). A monitoring setup was designed and installed for the real-time monitoring of relevant parameters during injection, and for a fast determination of the spatial mZVI distribution after injection via non-invasive magnetic susceptibility measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture-Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - F Gastone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture-Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - T Tosco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture-Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - R Sethi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture-Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - M Velimirovic
- VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - J Gemoets
- VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - H Sapion
- SAPION, Oude Bevelsesteenweg 51, 2560 Nijlen, Belgium
| | - N Klaas
- VEGAS, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Hosseini SM, Tosco T. Integrating NZVI and carbon substrates in a non-pumping reactive wells array for the remediation of a nitrate contaminated aquifer. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 179:182-195. [PMID: 26142547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The work explores the efficacy of a biochemical remediation of a nitrate-contaminated aquifer by a combination of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) and bacteria supported by carbon substrates. Nitrate removal was first assessed in batch tests, and then in a laboratory bench-scale aquifer model (60cm length×40cm width×50cm height), in which a background flow was maintained. Water and natural sandy material of a stratified aquifer were used in the tests to enhance the reliability of the results. An array of non-pumping-reactive wells (NPRWs) filled with NZVI (d50=50nm, and SSA=22.5m(2)/g) mixed with carbon substrates (beech sawdust and maize cobs) was installed in the bench-scale aquifer model to intercept the flow and remove nitrate (NO3(-) conc.=105mg/l). The NPRW array was preferred to a continuous permeable reactive barrier (PRB) since wells can be drilled at greater depths compared to PRBs. The optimal well diameter, spacing among the NPRWs and number of wells in the bench-scale model were designed based on flow simulations using the semi-analytical particle tracking (advection) model, PMPATH. An optimal configuration of four wells, 35mm diameter, and capture width of 1.8 times the well diameter was obtained for a hydraulic conductivity contrast between reactive materials in the wells and aquifer media (KPM/Kaq=16.5). To avoid excessive proximity between wells, the system was designed so that the capture of the contaminated water was not complete, and several sequential arrays of wells were preferred. To simulate the performance of the array, the water that passed through the bench-scale NPRW system was re-circulated to the aquifer inlet, and a nitrate degradation below the limit target concentration (10mg/l) was obtained after 13days (corresponding to 13 arrays of wells in the field). The results of this study demonstrated that using the NZVI-mixed-carbon substrates in the NPRW system has a great potential for in-situ nitrate reduction in contaminated groundwater. This NPRW system can be considered a promising and viable technology in deep aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiyed Mossa Hosseini
- Natural Geography Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6465, Iran.
| | - Tiziana Tosco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Flores Orozco A, Velimirovic M, Tosco T, Kemna A, Sapion H, Klaas N, Sethi R, Bastiaens L. Monitoring the injection of microscale zerovalent iron particles for groundwater remediation by means of complex electrical conductivity imaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5593-5600. [PMID: 25884287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The injection of microscale zerovalent iron (mZVI) particles for groundwater remediation has received much interest in recent years. However, to date, monitoring of mZVI particle injection is based on chemical analysis of groundwater and soil samples and thus might be limited in its spatiotemporal resolution. To overcome this deficiency, in this study, we investigate the application of complex electrical conductivity imaging, a geophysical method, to monitor the high-pressure injection of mZVI in a field-scale application. The resulting electrical images revealed an increase in the induced electrical polarization (∼20%), upon delivery of ZVI into the targeted area, due to the accumulation of metallic surfaces at which the polarization takes place. Furthermore, larger changes (>50%) occurred in shallow sediments, a few meters away from the injection, suggesting the migration of particles through preferential flowpaths. Correlation of the electrical response and geochemical data, in particular the analysis of recovered cores from drilling after the injection, confirmed the migration of particles (and stabilizing solution) to shallow areas through fractures formed during the injection. Hence, our results demonstrate the suitability of the complex conductivity imaging method to monitor the transport of mZVI during subsurface amendment in quasi real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Flores Orozco
- †Geophysics Research Group, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstraße 27-29, E120-3, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Milica Velimirovic
- ‡Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- §Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiziana Tosco
- ⊥DIATI-Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio, dell'Ambiente e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Andreas Kemna
- ¶Department of Geophysics, Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 176, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Sapion
- ∥SAPION, Oude Bevelsesteenweg 51, 2560 Nijlen, Belgium
| | - Norbert Klaas
- #VEGAS, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rajandrea Sethi
- ⊥DIATI-Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio, dell'Ambiente e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Leen Bastiaens
- ‡Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Xin J, Han J, Zheng X, Shao H, Kolditz O. Mechanism insights into enhanced trichloroethylene removal using xanthan gum-modified microscale zero-valent iron particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 150:420-426. [PMID: 25556871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This report focuses on the enhancement in trichloroethylene (TCE) removal from contaminated groundwater using xanthan gum (XG)-modified, microscale, zero-valent iron (mZVI). Compared with bare mZVI, XG-coated mZVI increased the TCE removal efficiency by 30.37% over a 480-h experimental period. Because the TCE removal is attributed to both sorption and reduction processes, the contributions from sorption and reduction were separately investigated to determine the mechanism of XG on TCE removal using mZVI. The results showed that the TCE sorption capacity of mZVI was lower in the presence of XG, whereas the TCE reduction capacity was significantly increased. The FTIR spectra confirmed that XG, which is rich in hydrophilic functional groups, was adsorbed onto the iron surface through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which competitively repelled the sorption and mass transfer of TCE toward reactive sites. The variations in the pH, Eh, and Fe(2+) concentration as functions of the reaction time were recorded and indicated that XG buffered the solution pH, inhibited surface passivation, and promoted TCE reduction by mZVI. Overall, the XG-modified mZVI was considered to be potentially effective for the in-situ remediation of TCE contaminated groundwater due to its high stability and dechlorination reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jun Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xilai Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Haibing Shao
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ/TU Dresden, Leipzig 034202, Germany
| | - Olaf Kolditz
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ/TU Dresden, Leipzig 034202, Germany
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Zheng Y, Zhu Y, Tian G, Wang A. In situ generation of silver nanoparticles within crosslinked 3D guar gum networks for catalytic reduction. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 73:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gastone F, Tosco T, Sethi R. Guar gum solutions for improved delivery of iron particles in porous media (part 1): porous medium rheology and guar gum-induced clogging. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 166:23-33. [PMID: 25065767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work is the first part of a comprehensive study on the use of guar gum to improve delivery of microscale zero-valent iron particles in contaminated aquifers. Guar gum solutions exhibit peculiar shear thinning properties, with high viscosity in static conditions and lower viscosity in dynamic conditions: this is beneficial both for the storage of MZVI dispersions, and also for the injection in porous media. In the present paper, the processes associated with guar gum injection in porous media are studied performing single-step and multi-step filtration tests in sand-packed columns. The experimental results of single-step tests performed by injecting guar gum solutions prepared at several concentrations and applying different dissolution procedures evidenced that the presence of residual undissolved polymeric particles in the guar gum solution may have a relevant negative impact on the permeability of the porous medium, resulting in evident clogging. The most effective preparation procedure which minimizes the presence of residual particles is dissolution in warm water (60°C) followed by centrifugation (procedure T60C). The multi-step tests (i.e. injection of guar gum at constant concentration with a step increase of flow velocity), performed at three polymer concentrations (1.5, 3 and 4g/l) provided information on the rheological properties of guar gum solutions when flowing through a porous medium at variable discharge rates, which mimic the injection in radial geometry. An experimental protocol was defined for the rheological characterization of the fluids in porous media, and empirical relationships were derived for the quantification of rheological properties and clogging with variable injection rate. These relationships will be implemented in the second companion paper (Part II) in a radial transport model for the simulation of large-scale injection of MZVI-guar gum slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gastone
- DIATI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tosco
- DIATI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Rajandrea Sethi
- DIATI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Tosco T, Gastone F, Sethi R. Guar gum solutions for improved delivery of iron particles in porous media (part 2): iron transport tests and modeling in radial geometry. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 166:34-51. [PMID: 25063698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present work column transport tests were performed in order to study the mobility of guar-gum suspensions of microscale zero-valent iron particles (MZVI) in porous media. The results were analyzed with the purpose of implementing a radial model for the design of full scale interventions. The transport tests were performed using several concentrations of shear thinning guar gum solutions as stabilizer (1.5, 3 and 4g/l) and applying different flow rates (Darcy velocity in the range 1·10(-4) to 2·10(-3)m/s), representative of different distances from the injection point in the radial domain. Empirical relationships, expressing the dependence of the deposition and release parameters on the flow velocity, were derived by inverse fitting of the column transport tests using a modified version of E-MNM1D (Tosco and Sethi, 2010) and the user interface MNMs (www.polito.it/groundwater/software). They were used to develop a comprehensive transport model of MZVI suspensions in radial coordinates, called E-MNM1R, which takes into account the non Newtonian (shear thinning) rheological properties of the dispersant fluid and the porous medium clogging associated with filtration and sedimentation in the porous medium of both MZVI and guar gum residual undissolved particles. The radial model was run in forward mode to simulate the injection of MZVI dispersed in guar gum in conditions similar to those applied in the column transport tests. In a second stage, we demonstrated how the model can be used as a valid tool for the design and the optimization of a full scale intervention. The simulation results indicated that several concurrent aspects are to be taken into account for the design of a successful delivery of MZVI/guar gum slurries via permeation injection, and a compromise is necessary between maximizing the radius of influence of the injection and minimizing the injection pressure, to guarantee a sufficiently homogeneous distribution of the particles around the injection point and to prevent preferential flow paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Tosco
- DIATI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Gastone
- DIATI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Rajandrea Sethi
- DIATI - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Velimirovic M, Tosco T, Uyttebroek M, Luna M, Gastone F, De Boer C, Klaas N, Sapion H, Eisenmann H, Larsson PO, Braun J, Sethi R, Bastiaens L. Field assessment of guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron particles for in-situ remediation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 164:88-99. [PMID: 24963597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A pilot injection test with guar gum stabilized microscale zerovalent iron (mZVI) particles was performed at test site V (Belgium) where different chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) were present as pollutants in the subsurface. One hundred kilograms of 56μm-diameter mZVI (~70gL(-1)) was suspended in 1.5m(3) of guar gum (~7gL(-1)) solution and injected into the test area. In order to deliver the guar gum stabilized mZVI slurry, one direct push bottom-up injection (Geoprobe) was performed with injections at 5 depths between 10.5 and 8.5m bgs. The direct push technique was preferred above others (e.g. injection at low flow rate via screened wells) because of the limited hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, and to the large size of the mZVI particles. A final heterogeneous distribution of the mZVI in the porous medium was observed explicable by preferential flow paths created during the high pressure injection. The maximum observed delivery distance was 2.5m. A significant decrease in 1,1,1-TCA concentrations was observed in close vicinity of spots where the highest concentration of mZVI was observed. Carbon stable isotope analysis (CSIA) yielded information on the success of the abiotic degradation of 1,1,1-TCA and indicated a heterogeneous spatio-temporal pattern of degradation. Finally, the obtained results show that mZVI slurries stabilized by guar gum can be prepared at pilot scale and directly injected into low permeable aquifers, indicating a significant removal of 1,1,1-TCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velimirovic
- VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bio-Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tiziana Tosco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Michela Luna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gastone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Cjestmir De Boer
- VEGAS, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B9 Canada.
| | - Norbert Klaas
- VEGAS, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Hans Sapion
- SAPION, Oude Bevelsesteenweg 51, 2560 Nijlen, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Juergen Braun
- VEGAS, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Rajandrea Sethi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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