The role of surface sulfation in mediating the acidity and oxidation ability of nickel modified ceria catalyst for the catalytic elimination of chlorinated organics

Tailoring Dual High-Valence Cu-O-Mn Active Sites to Enhance VOC Catalytic Oxidation

Advancing the catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) requires ongoingly boosting of both low-temperature activity and durability. Our strategy was to tailor suitable Cu-O-Mn coordination environments across numerous types of widely used CuMn bimetallic oxides. Unexpectedly, Cu-O-Mn sites within the CuO phase ignited greater catalytic activity toward alkanes like cyclohexane under 5.0% relative humidity, with a lower T90 at 219 °C, and excellent stability over 48 h, compared to spinel phases noted for electron transfer. Doping CuO with high-valence Mn3+ and Mn4+ prefers to generate oxygen interstitials, facilitating the formation of dual high-valence Cu-O-Mn sites. Notably, optimal Cu3Mn1 simultaneously featured high-valence states of Cu1.98+ and Mn3.22+, as evidenced by the positive correlation between catalytic activity and valence state. Dual high-valence Cu-O-Mn sites within the CuO phase bolstered reactive oxygen species mobility, oxidizability, and replenishment, as well as acid sites, facilitating the Mars-van-Krevelen redox cycles. The resulting enhancement rapidly overcame the rate-limiting step of key intermediate benzene oxidation, endowing higher and sustainable reactivity. The superior performance could be validated through the catalytic oxidation of aromatics and alkenes represented by benzene and 1,3-butadiene, respectively. This work offers insights for catalyst design and promotes the practical application of CuMn bimetallic oxides in the VOC disposal.

Function of pre-sulfation: Boosting sulfur resistance of nanocrystal PtO2/KL-NY catalyst in benzene oxidation reaction

Sulfur poisoning remains a critical challenge in benzene catalytic oxidation due to the strong competitive adsorption of sulfur species onto active sites and the subsequent depletion of lattice oxygen in Pt-based catalysts. Our study demonstrates that the sulfur competitive adsorption on the surface and consumption to highly active PtO2 lattice oxygens was effectively weakened by introducing SO42- within kaolin-based NaY zeolite (SO42-@KL-NY). The modified catalyst exhibited enhanced structural stability under sulfur-containing condition, which effectively sheltered adsorbed sulfur species from direct interaction with catalytically active PtO2 lattice oxygens. The optimized PtO2/3SO42-@KL-NY resisted 70 % of sulfur species adsorption on active sites, preventing lattice oxygen consumption by sulfur species, thus it remained high activity and exhibited strong sulfur resistance. This work establishes a new paradigm for designing widely practical and durable Pt-based catalysts for sulfur-containing benzene complete oxidation.

Boosting chlorobenzene oxidation over MIL-101(Cr) derived CrOx catalysts: The stepwise regulation of CrOx clusters and oxygen species by calcination atmospheres

In this work, CrOx catalysts derived from MIL-101(Cr) were prepared for the oxidation of chlorobenzene (CB). The atmosphere of calcination had great effect on the physical and chemical properties of the catalysts. Only the atmosphere of Ar could carbonize and preserve the organic ligands in the structure, retaining the micropore structure and high surface area of MIL-101(Cr). Therefore, the aggregation of CrOx clusters was prevented, forming abundant coordinative unsaturated Cr3+ and oxygen vacancies. They would transform to abundant Cr6+ as the active sites in the treatment of 10 %O2/Ar, and acid sites composed with OH and surface adsorbed oxygen were formed around Cr6+, which played an important role on the adsorption/activation of CB and the oxidation of the intermediates. Through the oxygen vacancies, the surface lattice oxygen could migrate and replenish the oxygen consumed around Cr6+. Thus, MIL-101(Cr)-Ar-T, synthesized by MIL-101(Cr) stepwise calcined in Ar and treatment of 10 %O2/Ar, exhibited the highest catalytic activity for CB oxidation with the T90 at 233 °C, and the selectivity to COx and HCl at 240 °C could reach 95.85 % and 97.61 %, respectively, with a high stable performance in the 5-day catalytic activity test.

New mechanistic insight into catalytic decomposition of dioxins over MnOx-CeO2/TiO2 catalysts: A combined experimental and density functional theory study

Elucidation of the catalytic decomposition mechanism of dioxins is pivotal in developing highly efficient dioxin degradation catalysts. In order to accurately simulate the whole molecular structure of dioxins, two model compounds, o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) and furan, were employed to represent the chlorinated benzene ring and oxygenated central ring within a dioxin molecule, respectively. Experiments and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were combined to investigate the adsorption as well as oxidation of o-DCB and furan over MnOx-CeO2/TiO2 catalyst (denoted as MnCe/Ti). The results indicate that competitive adsorption exists between furan and o-DCB. The former exhibits superior adsorption capacity on MnCe/Ti catalyst at 100 °C - 150 °C, for it can adsorb on both surface metal atom and surface oxygen vacancies (Ov) via its O-terminal; while the latter adsorbs primarily by anchoring its Cl atom to surface Ov. Regarding oxidation, furan can be completely oxidized at 150 °C - 300 °C with a high CO2 selectivity (above 80 %). However, o-DCB cannot be totally oxidized and the resulting intermediates cause the deactivation of catalyst. Interestingly, the pre-adsorption of furan on catalyst surface can facilitate the catalytic oxidation of o-DCB below 200 °C, possibly because the dissociated adsorption of furan may form additional reactive oxygen species on catalyst surface. Therefore, this work provides new insights into the catalytic decomposition mechanism of dioxins as well as the optimization strategies for developing dioxin-degradation catalysts with high efficiency at low temperature.

Catalytic Oxidation of Chlorobenzene over HSiW/CeO2 as a Co-Benefit of NOx Reduction: Remarkable Inhibition of Chlorobenzene Oxidation by NH3

There is an urgent need to develop novel and high-performance catalysts for chlorinated volatile organic compound oxidation as a co-benefit of NOx. In this work, HSiW/CeO2 was used for chlorobenzene (CB) oxidation as a co-benefit of NOx reduction and the inhibition mechanism of NH3 was explored. CB oxidation over HSiW/CeO2 primarily followed the Mars-van-Krevelen mechanism and the Eley-Rideal mechanism, and the CB oxidation rate was influenced by the concentrations of surface adsorbed CB, Ce4+ ions, lattice oxygen species, gaseous CB, and surface adsorbed oxygen species. NH3 not only strongly inhibited CB adsorption onto HSiW/CeO2, but also noticeably decreased the amount of lattice oxygen species; hence, NH3 had a detrimental effect on the Mars-van-Krevelen mechanism. Meanwhile, NH3 caused a decrease in the amount of oxygen species adsorbed on HSiW/CeO2, which hindered the Eley-Rideal mechanism of CB oxidation. Hence, NH3 significantly hindered CB oxidation over HSiW/CeO2. This suggests that the removal of NOx and CB over this catalyst operated more like a two-stage process rather than a synergistic one. Therefore, to achieve simultaneous NOx and CB removal, it would be more meaningful to focus on improving the performances of HSiW/CeO2 for NOx reduction and CB oxidation separately.

Recent advances in simultaneous removal of NOx and VOCs over bifunctional catalysts via SCR and oxidation reaction

NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are two major pollutants commonly found in industrial flue gas emissions. They play a significant role as precursors in the formation of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The simultaneous removal of NOx and VOCs is crucial in addressing ozone and PM2.5 pollution. In terms of investment costs and space requirements, the development of bifunctional catalysts for the simultaneous selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx and catalytic oxidation of VOCs emerges as a viable technology that has garnered considerable attention. This review provides a summary of recent advances in catalysts for the simultaneous removal of NOx and VOCs. It discusses the reaction mechanisms and interactions involved in NH3-SCR and VOCs catalytic oxidation, the effects of catalyst acidity and redox properties. The insufficiency of bifunctional catalysts was pointed out, including issues related to catalytic activity, product selectivity, catalyst deactivation, and environmental concerns. Subsequently, potential solutions are presented to enhance catalyst performance, such as optimizing the redox properties and acidity, enhancing resistance to poisoning, substituting environment friendly metals and introducing hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) reaction. Finally, some suggestions are given for future research directions in catalyst development are prospected.

Improved activity and stability for chlorobenzene oxidation over ternary Cu-Mn-O-Ce solid solution supported on cordierite

A series of CuMnO_x/CeO₂/cordierite and CuMnCeO_x/cordierite catalysts prepared by a complex method with citric acid were investigated for the performance of chlorobenzene (CB) oxidation. The effects of the molar ratio of Mn/Cu, transition metal oxide loading, calcination temperature and time were investigated as the main investigation factor for the performance. Meanwhile, XRD, SEM, BET, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD and XPS were conducted to characterize the physicochemical properties of these catalysts. The results demonstrated that CuMnO_x/CeO₂/cordierite catalysts prepared by step-by-step synthesis with the Cu/Mn molar ratio of 5:2 exhibited a high activity (T₉₀ = 350 °C), owing to the incorporation of CuO and MnO_x for forming CuMn₂O₄ spinel oxide supported on CeO₂ surface. More importantly, CuMnCeO_x/cordierite catalysts prepared by one-step exhibited the highest oxidation activity (T₉₀ < 300 °C) attributed to the low H₂ reduction temperature and desorption energy of surface oxygen, and the formed Cu-Mn-O-Ce solid solution and CeO₂ promoted the high dispersion of CuMnO_x in the supported catalysts. In addition, the possible oxidation mechanism was described to demonstrate the by-products generation and oxygen transfer of CuMnCeO_x catalysts.

Recent Advances of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds' Oxidation Catalyzed by Multiple Catalysts: Reasonable Adjustment of Acidity and Redox Properties

The severe hazard of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) to human health and the natural environment makes their abatement technology a key topic of global environmental research. Due to the existence of Cl, the byproducts of CVOCs in the catalytic combustion process are complex and toxic, and the possible generation of dioxin becomes a potential risk to the environment. Well-qualified CVOC catalysts should process favorable low-temperature catalytic oxidation ability, excellent selectivity, and good resistance to poisoning, which are governed by the reasonable adjustment of acidity and redox properties. This review overviews the application of different types of multicomponent catalysts, that is, supported noble metal catalysts, transition metal oxide/zeolite catalysts, composite transition metal oxide catalysts, and acid-modified catalysts, for CVOC degradation from the perspective of balance between acidity and redox properties. This review also highlights the synergistic degradation of CVOCs and NO_x from the perspective of acidity and redox properties. We expect this work to inspire and guide researchers from both the academic and industrial communities and help pave the way for breakthroughs in fundamental research and industrial applications in this field.

Remarkable enhancement in the N2 selectivity of NH3-SCR over the CeNb3Fe0.3/TiO2 catalyst in the presence of chlorobenzene

The simultaneous removal of NO_x and dioxins is the frontier of environmental catalysis, which is still in the initial stage and poses several challenges. In this study, a series of CeNb₃Fe_x/TiO₂ (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0) catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method and examined for the synergistic removal of NO_x and CB. The CeNb₃Fe_0.3/TiO₂ catalyst exhibits an optimum catalytic performance, with an NO_x conversion greater than 95% at 260-380 °C. It also exhibits an optimal CB oxidation activity, in which CB promoted both the NO_x conversion and N₂ selectivity below 250 °C. Moreover, the more favorable ratios of Ce⁴⁺ to Ce³⁺ and plentiful surface-adsorbed oxygen species are the reasons why CeNb₃Fe_0.3/TiO₂ catalyst has better catalytic activity than other catalysts at the lower temperature. Simultaneously, owing to the modulation of Fe to the redox properties of Ce and Nb, the large number of oxygen vacancies and acid sites was generated, and the CeNb₃Fe_0.3/TiO₂ catalyst is beneficial to NO_x reduction and CB oxidation. Furthermore, the results of in situ DRIFTS study reveal the NH₃-SCR reactions over CeNb₃Fe_0.3/TiO₂ catalysts are mainly conformed to by the L-H mechanism (< 350 °C) and E-R mechanism (> 350 °C), respectively, and the multi-pollutant conversion mechanism in the synergistic reaction was systematically studied.

A comparative study of the dichloromethane catalytic combustion over ruthenium-based catalysts: Unveiling the roles of acid types in dissociative adsorption and by-products formation

Herein, a comparative investigation of the Ru-based catalysts with different kinds of supports (TiO₂, Al₂O₃, HZSM-5 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 27 and 130, respectively) for catalytic combustion of dichloromethane (DCM) has been performed. The characterization results showed that the C-Cl bond of DCM was cleaved on both the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites of the catalysts. However, the Lewis acid sites were more active than the Brønsted acid sites. The relatively strong Lewis acidity of Ru/TiO₂ improved the dissociative adsorption of DCM, accounting for its superior activity. The yield of toxic by-products was strongly associated with the acid types of the catalysts. The Cl species deposited on TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ supports interacted strongly with the Lewis acid sites, thereby promoting the electrophilic chlorination reactions and yielding more polychlorinated by-products, especially highly toxic dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). However, the Cl deposits on Ru/HZSM-5 (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 27) with abundant Brønsted acid sites, mainly existed as hydrogen-bonded Cl species, with good mobility and less propensity for chlorinating carbonaceous matter. Moreover, Ru/HZSM-5 (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 130) yielded the highest polychlorinated by-products and PCDD/Fs because of its poor redox ability and high surface area. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the CVOCs catalytic combustion catalysts development.

Ternary multifunctional catalysts of polymeric carbon nitride coupled with Pt-embedded transition metal oxide to enhance light-driven photothermal catalytic degradation of VOCs

Light driven photothermal catalysis has been carried out by converting the light energy into heat to reach the light-off temperature of the reaction. Herein we have synthesized the ternary multifunctional catalysts of polymeric carbon nitride coupled with Pt-embedded transition metal oxide (Pt-Co_x/CN), for the catalytic degradation of toluene. Under the condition of space velocity of 30,000 mL/(gh) and concentration of 210 ppm, toluene conversion and CO₂ mineralization can reach 90% and 83% over Pt-Co₂₀/CN, respectively. The introduction of an appropriate proportion of CoO enhances the light absorption of nanocomposites and improves the adsorption for toluene. Meanwhile, CoO promotes the proportion and mobility of adsorbed oxygen on the surface, which are conducive to the catalytic oxidation reaction according to the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. The results also suggest that light irradiation serves as a source of heat to initiate photo-induced chemical reactions and promote photothermal catalytic oxidation by promoting the activation of lattice oxygen.

Tuning the degradation activity and pathways of chlorinated organic pollutants over CeO2 catalyst with acid sites: synergistic effect of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites

The synergistic effect of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites can promote the effective degradation of chlorobenzene following the hydrolysis pathway of producing less toxic by-products.