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Kamp M, Sacanna S, Dullens RPA. Spearheading a new era in complex colloid synthesis with TPM and other silanes. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:433-453. [PMID: 38740891 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Colloid science has recently grown substantially owing to the innovative use of silane coupling agents (SCAs), especially 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TPM). SCAs were previously used mainly as modifying agents, but their ability to form droplets and condense onto pre-existing structures has enabled their use as a versatile and powerful tool to create novel anisotropic colloids with increasing complexity. In this Review, we highlight the advances in complex colloid synthesis facilitated by the use of TPM and show how this has driven remarkable new applications. The focus is on TPM as the current state-of-the-art in colloid science, but we also discuss other silanes and their potential to make an impact. We outline the remarkable properties of TPM colloids and their synthesis strategies, and discuss areas of soft matter science that have benefited from TPM and other SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous Kamp
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical & Colloid Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefano Sacanna
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roel P A Dullens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Anisur Rahman M, Turner T, Hamilton HSC, Bradley LC, Beltramo PJ. Engineering the surface patchiness and topography of polystyrene colloids: From spheres to ellipsoids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:82-94. [PMID: 37591086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Colloidal surface morphology determines suspension properties and applications. While existing methods are effective at generating specific features on spherical particles, an approach extending this to non-spherical particles is currently missing. Synthesizing un-crosslinked polymer microspheres with controlled chemical patchiness would allow subsequent thermomechanical stretching to translate surface topographical features to ellipsoidal particles. EXPERIMENTS A systematic study using seeded emulsion polymerization to create polystyrene (PS) microspheres with controlled surface patches of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) was performed with different polymerization parameters such as concentration of tBA monomer, co-swelling agent, and initiator. Thermomechanical stretching converted seed spheres to microellipsoids. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis (ACH) was performed to remove the patch domains. Roughness was characterized before and after ACH using atomic force microscopy. FINDINGS PS spheres with controlled chemical patchiness were synthesized. A balance between two factors, domain coalescence from reduced viscosity and domain growth via monomer absorption, dictates the final PtBA) patch features. ACH mediated removal of patch domains produced either golf ball-like porous particles or multicavity particles, depending on the size of the precursor patches. Patchy microspheres were successfully stretched into microellipsoids while retaining their surface characteristics. Particle roughness is governed by the patch geometry and increases after ACH. Overall, this study provides a facile yet controllable platform for creating colloids with highly adjustable surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anisur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Taina Turner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Heather S C Hamilton
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Laura C Bradley
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Peter J Beltramo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Russo G, Lattuada M. Preparation of Non-Spherical Janus Particles via an Orthogonal Dissolution Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300415. [PMID: 37722703 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-synthesis modifications are valuable tools to alter functionalities and induce morphology changes in colloidal particles. Non-spherical polymer particles with Janus characteristics are prepared by combining seeded growth polymerization and selective dissolution. First, spherical polystyrene (PS) particles have been swollen with methyl methacrylate (MMA) with an activated swelling method. This is followed by polymerization that led to particles with two well-separated faces: one made of PS and the second of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Subsequently, non-spherical particles are obtained by exposing the Janus colloids to various solvents. Using the two polymers' orthogonal solubility, solvents are identified to selectively dissolve only one face, leading to hemispherical PS or PMMA particles. It is further investigated how changing the composition of the PMMA face - by either co-polymerization with glycidyl methacrylate or by adding a cross-linker - affects the particles' morphology. The poly-methacrylate face can gain total or partial resistance towards the solvents, resulting in intriguing shapes, such as mushroom-like and Janus dimpled particles. The dissolution mechanisms are investigated via optical microscopy, where total or partial dissolutions can be directly observed. Lastly, prematurely quenching the dissolution of the particle's lobes with water can be used to control the Janus mushroom-like particle aspect ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Russo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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Zou H, Ren Y. Synthetic strategies for nonporous organosilica nanoparticles from organosilanes. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37326150 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organosilica nanoparticles refer to silica nanoparticles containing carbon along with organic or functional groups and can be divided into mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles and nonporous organosilica nanoparticles. During the past few decades, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of organosilica nanoparticles directly from organosilanes. However, most of the reports have focused on mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles, while relatively few are concerned with nonporous organosilica nanoparticles. The synthesis of nonporous organosilica nanoparticles typically involves (i) self-condensation of an organosilane as the single source, (ii) co-condensation of two or more types of organosilanes, (iii) co-condensation of tetraalkoxysilane and an organosilane, and (iv) spontaneous emulsification and the subsequent radical polymerization of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM). This article aims to provide a review on the synthetic strategies of this important type of colloidal particle, followed by a brief discussion on their applications and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yuhang Ren
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Gui H, Li Y, Du D, Bo Meng Q, Song XM, Liang F. Preparation of asymmetric particles by controlling the phase separation of seeded emulsion polymerization with ethanol/water mixture. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:496-506. [PMID: 35366477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols are discovered for the first time to tune the morphology of poly(vinyl benzyl chloride)-poly(3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (PVBC-PMPS) composite particles through seeded emulsion polymerization within the alcohol/water mixture. Here, monodispersed linear PVBC particles was synthesized through the dispersion polymerization and employed as the seeds. The as-obtained PVBC-PMPS composite particles could be dramatically tuned from core-shell structures to snowman-like particles, to dumbbell-shaped particles, to inverse snowman-like particles when the ethanol content in reaction mixtures is only adjusted within a narrow range. The morphology of fresh PMPS bulges was observed after removing the linear PVBC seeds with N,N'-dimethyl formamide, and their formation mechanism was studied by monitoring the free radical polymerization and sol-gel process of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. It has been confirmed that the sol-gel kinetics were the main factor on the particles' morphology. In addition, morphologies of PVBC-PMPS particles were also varied by the MPS feeding amount, types of the co-solvent and pH values of alcohol/water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoguan Gui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Deming Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Bo Meng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xi-Ming Song
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Fuxin Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Jaber Nasrollah Gavgani, Heidari H, Adelnia H, Eslami H. Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles in the Presence of Diatoms as Sustainable Bio-Templates. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22330018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chang F, Vis CM, Bergmeijer M, Howes SC, Bruijnincx PCA. Bifunctional Janus Silica Spheres for Pickering Interfacial Tandem Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5328-5335. [PMID: 34668343 PMCID: PMC9297878 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nature provides much inspiration for the design of multistep conversion processes, with numerous reactions running simultaneously and without interference in cells, for example. A key challenge in mimicking nature's strategies is to compartmentalize incompatible reagents and catalysts, for example, for tandem catalysis. Here, we present a new strategy for antagonistic catalyst compartmentalization. The synthesis of bifunctional Janus catalyst particles carrying acid and base groups on the particle's opposite patches is reported as is their application as acid-base catalysts in oil/water emulsions. The synthesis strategy involved the use of monodisperse, hydrophobic and amine-functionalized silica particles (SiO2 -NH2 -OSi(CH3 )3 ) to prepare an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion (PE) with molten paraffin wax. After solidification, the exposed patch of the silica particles was selectively etched and refunctionalized with acid groups to yield acid-base Janus particles (Janus A-B). These materials were successfully applied in biphasic Pickering interfacial catalysis for the tandem dehydration-Knoevenagel condensation of fructose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural-2-diethylmalonate (5-HMF-DEM) in a water/4-propylguaiacol PE. The results demonstrate the advantage of rapid extraction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a prominent platform molecule prone to side product formation in acidic media. A simple strategy to tune the acid/base balance using PE with both Janus A-B and monofunctional SiO2 -NH2 -OSi(CH3 )3 base catalysts proved effective for antagonistic tandem catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Chang
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Carolien M. Vis
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Menno Bergmeijer
- Structural BiochemistryBijvoet Centre for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart C. Howes
- Structural BiochemistryBijvoet Centre for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Meincke T, Walter J, Pflug L, Thajudeen T, Völkl A, Cardenas Lopez P, Uttinger MJ, Stingl M, Watanabe S, Peukert W, Klupp Taylor RN. Determination of the yield, mass and structure of silver patches on colloidal silica using multiwavelength analytical ultracentrifugation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:698-710. [PMID: 34530190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anisotropic nanoparticles offer considerable promise for applications but also present significant challenges in terms of their characterization. Recent developments in the electroless deposition of silver patches directly onto colloidal silica particles have opened up a simple and scalable synthesis method for patchy particles with tunable optical properties. Due to the reliance on patch nucleation and growth, however, the resulting coatings are distributed in coverage and thickness and some core particles remain uncoated. To support process optimization, new methods are required to rapidly determine patch yield, thickness and coverage. Here we present a novel approach based on multiwavelength analytical ultracentrifugation (MWL-AUC) which permits simultaneous hydrodynamic and spectroscopic characterization. The patchy particle colloids are produced in a continuous flow mixing process that makes use of a KM-type micromixer. By varying the process flow rate or metal precursor concentration we show how the silver to silica mass ratio distribution derived from the AUC-measured sedimentation coefficient distribution can be influenced. Moreover, through reasoned assumptions we arrive at an estimation of the patch yield that is close to that determined by arduous analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Finally, combining MWL-AUC, electrodynamic simulations and SEM image analysis we establish a procedure to estimate the patch thickness and coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meincke
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Johannes Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Lukas Pflug
- Applied Mathematics 2, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 11, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Thaseem Thajudeen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Goa, Ponda, Goa, 403401, India
| | - Andreas Völkl
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Paola Cardenas Lopez
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Uttinger
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Michael Stingl
- Applied Mathematics 2, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 11, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Robin N Klupp Taylor
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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Chemical Imaging of Single Anisotropic Polystyrene/Poly (Methacrylate) Microspheres with Complex Hierarchical Architecture. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091438. [PMID: 33947036 PMCID: PMC8125276 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monodisperse polystyrene spheres are functional materials with interesting properties, such as high cohesion strength, strong adsorptivity, and surface reactivity. They have shown a high application value in biomedicine, information engineering, chromatographic fillers, supercapacitor electrode materials, and other fields. To fully understand and tailor particle synthesis, the methods for characterization of their complex 3D morphological features need to be further explored. Here we present a chemical imaging study based on three-dimensional confocal Raman microscopy (3D-CRM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for individual porous swollen polystyrene/poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene di-methacrylate) particles. Polystyrene particles were synthesized with different co-existing chemical entities, which could be identified and assigned to distinct regions of the same particle. The porosity was studied by a combination of SEM and FIB. Images of milled particles indicated a comparable porosity on the surface and in the bulk. The combination of standard analytical techniques such as DRIFT and NMR spectroscopies yielded new insights into the inner structure and chemical composition of these particles. This knowledge supports the further development of particle synthesis and the design of new strategies to prepare particles with complex hierarchical architectures.
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Xiong W, Li X, Ye X, Huang T, Feng X, Huang Z, Ye S, Ren X, Zhang Q, Liu J. Synthesis of V-notched half-open polymer microspheres via facile solvent-tuned self-assembly. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02279b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymer microspheres with a special V-notched half-open architecture were synthesized in a mixed solvent of water/ethanol (1 : 1 v/v) at room temperature.
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