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Tonu NT, Yousuf MA, Ahamed P, Hasan MM. Development of bixbyite microdice fabricated cathode for aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries. RSC Adv 2025; 15:15318-15336. [PMID: 40352391 PMCID: PMC12063208 DOI: 10.1039/d5ra00543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
In this study, an ultrasonic-aided reverse micelle formation, followed by the calcination route, was developed for the synthesis of bixbyite microdice aimed at the fabrication of a cathode for ARZIBs. The prepared product was Mn2O3 having crystallinity and grain size of 65.12% and 25.61 nm, respectively, with a small percentage of other Mn-based oxides within it. The FESEM image showed dice like microsized Mn2O3, revealing the possible formation of a reverse micelle core of approximately 500 nm. XPS narrow spectra revealed the presence of Mn3+ in a mixture of Mn with +2 and +4 oxidation states. The crystal planes from the TEM images matched with XRD results and strengthened the formation of bixbyite Mn2O3 nanoparticles. The optical band gap of 3.21 eV specified the semiconducting property of the prepared Mn2O3, and therefore, the prepared Mn2O3 was used as a cathode material in a CR-2032 coin cell of ARZIBs. CV showed a reversible reaction within the cell, indicating the (de)intercalation of Zn2+ ions between the anode and cathode. The fresh cell showed high conductivity and low resistance compared with the used cell after BCD testing, confirmed by EIS. The cell delivered high specific discharge capacities of 293.59 ± 4.75 and 252.10 ± 4.66 mA h g-1 at applied current densities of 0.1 and 0.3 A g-1, respectively. Consequently, BCD was performed for 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.3 A g-1. Throughout the cycling, the capacity retention and coulombic efficiency were maintained at 90.35 ± 0.30% and 98.44 ± 0.27%, respectively, suggesting the resilient reversibility of charging and discharging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Tazeen Tonu
- Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology Khulna 9203 Bangladesh
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University Khulna 9208 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abu Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology Khulna 9203 Bangladesh
| | - Parbhej Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology Khulna 9203 Bangladesh
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Li L, Liu Z, Dai G, Xia Y, Xu L, Sun A, Du J. Multiple Regulation of Electrolyte with Trace Amounts of Sodium Dehydroacetate Additives Enables High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2501731. [PMID: 40135342 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202501731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) draw much attention for low cost and high safety. However, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and uneven Zn2+ deposition shorten lifespan, hampering commercial use. In this study, sodium dehydroacetate (SD) containing carbonyl and keto-carbonyl is introduced as multifunctional electrolyte additives, which effectively modifies the solvent shell structure, achieving a Zn2+ transference number of up to 0.72. Acting as a hydrogen bond acceptor, SD disrupts the water network structure, thereby increasing the HER overpotential by 22 mV and the corrosion potential by 9 mV. The polar functional groups in SD can reversibly capture H⁺ ions and dynamically neutralize OH⁻ ions, maintaining interfacial pH balance on the zinc anode and suppressing HER. Notably, SD not only alters the electrolyte's kinetic but also induces uniform Zn2+ deposition along the (002) plane, inhibiting dendrite growth and minimizing side reactions. This phenomenon is demonstrated in both symmetric and full-cell configurations. The Zn//Zn symmetric cell achieves an ultra-long cycling lifespan of 2800 hours at 5 mA cm⁻2, and the Zn//VO2 full battery maintains a capacity retention rate of 73.09% after 2000 cycles with a high average coulombic efficiency of 99.98%, underscoring the effectiveness of this electrolyte additive in enhancing battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubo Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Zeqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Geliang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Lijian Xu
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Aokui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
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Niu R, Ding J, Chen J, Zhao Z, Wang X. Deciphering the energy storage mechanism of CoS 2 nanowire arrays for High-Energy aqueous copper-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 678:741-749. [PMID: 39265344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal sulfide (TMs) offers ultra-high specific capacity through multi-electron transfer, showing promise for aqueous batteries. However, the poor cycling performance and the uncleared energy storage mechanism are restricted from further development. Herein, CoS2 nanowire arrays grown on carbon cloth (CoS2/CC) are proposed as binder-free and self-supporting electrodes for aqueous copper-ion batteries. The energy storage mechanism is clarified by a series of ex-situ tests: a multi-electron electrode reaction through a three-step reaction of CoS2 → CuS → Cu7S4 → Cu2S. Electrochemical results suggest that the CoS2/CC cathode exhibits excellent long cycle stability (capacity retention of 99.7 % after 1000 cycles at 10 A/g) along with high specific capacity (762.3 mAh g-1 at 1 A/g). The carbon cloth with stable three-dimensional (3D) conductive structure can not only offer high-speed pathways to promote the transfer of electrons but also inhibit the volume change. Meanwhile, CoS2 nanowire arrays with high surface-to-volume ratios can improve wettability of electrolyte and promote redox reactions. Furthermore, an advanced Zn-CoS2/CC hybrid ion aqueous battery reveals an energy density of 724 Wh kg-1 and an output voltage of 1.24 V, providing a promising strategy for the establishment of transition metal sulfide cathode in high-energy aqueous batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, PR China
| | - Jie Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, PR China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, PR China.
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Guo YF, Luo ZH, Zhang N, Wang PF, Liu ZL, Lai QZ, Shu J, Yi TF. Regulating the zinc ion transport kinetics of Mn 3O 4 through copper doping towards high-capacity aqueous Zn-ion battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 677:459-469. [PMID: 39098279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
High working voltage, large theoretical capacity and cheapness render Mn3O4 promising cathode candidate for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). Unfortunately, poor electrochemical activity and bad structural stability lead to low capacity and unsatisfactory cycling performance. Herein, Mn3O4 material was fabricated through a facile precipitation reaction and divalent copper ions were introduced into the crystal framework, and ultra-small Cu-doped Mn3O4 nanocrystalline cathode materials with mixed valence states of Mn2+, Mn3+ and Mn4+ were obtained via post-calcination. The presence of Cu acts as structural stabilizer by partial substitution of Mn, as well as enhance the conductivity and reactivity of Mn3O4. Significantly, based on electrochemical investigations and ex-situ XPS characterization, a synergistic effect between copper and manganese was revealed in the Cu-doped Mn3O4, in which divalent Cu2+ can catalyze the transformation of Mn3+ and Mn4+ to divalent Mn2+, accompanied by the translation of Cu2+ to Cu0 and Cu+. Benefitting from the above advantages, the Mn3O4 cathode doped with moderate copper (abbreviated as CMO-2) delivers large discharge capacity of 352.9 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1, which is significantly better than Mn3O4 (only 247.8 mAh g-1). In addition, CMO-2 holds 203.3 mAh g-1 discharge capacity after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1 with 98.6 % retention, and after 1000 cycles at 5 A g-1, it still performs decent discharge capacity of 104.2 mAh g-1. This work provides new ideas and approaches for constructing manganese-based AZIBs with long lifespan and high capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zong-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qin-Zhi Lai
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jie Shu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ting-Feng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrode Materials for Novel Solar Cells for Petroleum and Chemical Industry of China, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Xiang T, Qu Z, Zhang D, Hu C, Chen Z, Wang Q. Triple-shelled Ni@MnO/C hollow spheres with enhanced performance for rechargeable zinc-ion capacitors. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:19314-19324. [PMID: 39508493 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical activation techniques and the use of multi-shell structured materials are effective strategies to enhance the electrochemical performance of rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs). In this study, we successfully synthesized spherical Ni3Mn-MOFs via a solvothermal method and used them as templates to prepare Ni/MnO@C nanospheres with different core-shell structures by adjusting the heating rate under an Ar atmosphere. The multi-shelled structure provides more active sites and alleviates structural strain associated with repeated Zn2+ insertion/extraction processes. During the initial charge process, the Ni/MnO@C cathode undergoes electrochemical activation and generates oxygen vacancies, which can facilitate Zn2+ adsorption and promote ion diffusion, significantly enhancing its initial capacity and cycling stability. The activated Ni/MnO@C electrode exhibits an excellent capacity of 500 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.3 A g-1, and the capacity retention rate remains as high as 90.9% even after 5200 cycles at 3 A g-1. The assembled AC//Ni/MnO@C (AC: active carbon) ZIC demonstrates an energy density of 90.14 W h kg-1 at a power density of 2750.17 W kg-1. At 3 A g-1, the capacity retention rate remains as high as 80.3% after 6000 cycles, indicating excellent long-term durability. This work provides a promising strategy for designing high-performance cathodes for the next generation of ZICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zaiting Qu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China.
| | - Chenglong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Qiufan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China.
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Pan G, Hu Y, Wang Z, Li H, Wu D, Zhang L, Zhang J. A New High-Performance Porous Carbon-Coated Mn 3O 4/Na 2CO 3 Cathode for Suppressing Mn 2+Dissolution in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400290. [PMID: 39083303 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Manganous-manganic oxide (Mn3O4), akin to other manganese-based oxides, faces several critical challenges such as substantial capacity fading and limited rate performance due to its inferior electrical conductivity, in addition to the inevitable dissociation of Mn2+. To address these issues, we introduce for the first time a novel carbon-coated Mn3O4/Na2CO3 (Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C) composite material. Comprehensive characterizations indicate that Na2CO3 effectively curtails Mn2+dissolution, enhances carbon encapsulation throughout charging/discharging cycles, and exposes additional active sites on the Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C composite. Electrochemical assessments confirm that the Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C-2 cathode exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance, outperforming other cathodes in the ZnSO4 system. Moreover, the Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C-2 cathode delivers a high specific capacity of ~550 mAh gM-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and maintains a significant capacity of ~230 mAh g-1 after 360 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 within the 2.0 M ZnSO4+0.2 M MnSO4 electrolyte system, demonstrating its potential as a high-performance cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Pan
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 314000, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hao Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Tonu NT, Ahamed P, Yousuf MA. Rice powder template for hausmannite Mn3O4 nanoparticles and its application to aqueous zinc ion battery. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305611. [PMID: 38885268 PMCID: PMC11182549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simple calcination route was adopted to prepare hausmannite Mn3O4 nanoparticles using rice powder as soft bio-template. Prepared Mn3O4 was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Solid state UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. Mn-O stretching in tetrahedral site was confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectra. % of Mn and O content supported Mn3O4 formation. The crystallinity and grain size was found to be 68.76% and 16.43 nm, respectively; tetragonal crystal system was also cleared by XRD. TEM clarified the planes of crystal formed which supported the XRD results and BET demonstrated mesoporous nature of prepared Mn3O4 having low pore volume. Low optical band gap of 3.24 eV of prepared Mn3O4 nanoparticles indicated semiconductor property and was used as cathode material to fabricate CR-2032 coin cell of Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Ion Battery (ARZIB). A reversible cyclic voltammogram (CV) showed good zinc ion storage performance. Low cell resistance was confirmed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The coin cell delivered high specific discharge capacity of 240.75 mAhg-1 at 0.1 Ag-1 current density. The coulombic efficiency was found to be 99.98%. It also delivered excellent capacity retention 94.45% and 64.81% after 300 and 1000 charge-discharge cycles, respectively. This work offers a facile and cost effective approach for preparing cathode material of ARZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Tazeen Tonu
- Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Parbhej Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abu Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Chen X, Han L, Zhao G, Zhao L, Gao G, Yu L, Li Y, Shan X, Li J, Liu X, Zhu G. Construction of MnO 2-Mn 3O 4 heterostructures to facilitate high-performance aqueous magnesium ion energy storage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3067-3070. [PMID: 38386357 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
MnO2-Mn3O4 heterostructure materials are applied in aqueous magnesium ion energy storage for the first time. The heterostructure yields an exceptionally high pseudocapacitance contribution, resulting in a specific capacitance of 313.5 F g-1 at 1 A g-1, which contrasts with that of MnO2 (108.8 F g-1) and Mn3O4 (123.5 F g-1). Additionally, it shows potential for practical applications as a cathode for magnesium ion hybrid supercapacitors (MHS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Guangzhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Litao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Guoliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Lianghao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Yanjiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Xiuyang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
| | - Junfeng Li
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Guang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
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