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Tarantino G, Citro V. What are the common downstream molecular events between alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver? Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:41. [PMID: 38331795 PMCID: PMC10851522 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fat storage, also called hepatic steatosis, is increasingly common and represents a very frequent diagnosis in the medical field. Excess fat is not without consequences. In fact, hepatic steatosis contributes to the progression toward liver fibrosis. There are two main types of fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although AFLD and NAFLD are similar in their initial morphological features, both conditions involve the same evolutive forms. Moreover, there are various common mechanisms underlying both diseases, including alcoholic liver disease and NAFLD, which are commonalities. In this Review, the authors explore similar downstream signaling events involved in the onset and progression of the two entities but not completely different entities, predominantly focusing on the gut microbiome. Downstream molecular events, such as the roles of sirtuins, cytokeratins, adipokines and others, should be considered. Finally, to complete the feature, some new tendencies in the therapeutic approach are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, SA, 84014, Italy
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2
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Pramanik S, Sil AK. Cigarette smoke extract induces foam cell formation by impairing machinery involved in lipid droplet degradation. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:59-74. [PMID: 37910205 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of foam cells, lipid-loaded macrophages, is the hallmark event of atherosclerosis. Since cigarette smoking is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis, the current study investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on different events like expressions of genes involved in lipid influx and efflux, lipophagy, etc., that play vital roles in foam cell formation. The accumulation of lipids after CSE treatment U937 macrophage cells was examined by staining lipids with specific dyes: Oil red O and BODIPY493/503. Results showed an accumulation of lipids in CSE-treated cells, confirming foam cell formation by CSE treatment. To decipher the mechanism, the levels of CD36, an ox-LDL receptor, and ABCA1, an exporter of lipids, were examined in CSE-treated and -untreated U937 cells by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Consistent with lipid accumulation, an increased level of CD36 and a reduction in ABCA1 were observed in CSE-treated cells. Moreover, CSE treatment caused inhibition of lipophagy-mediated lipid degradation by blocking lipid droplets (LDs)-lysosome fusion and increasing the lysosomal pH. CSE also impaired mitochondrial lipid oxidation. Thus, the present study demonstrates that CSE treatment affects lipid homeostasis by altering its influx and efflux, lysosomal degradation, and mitochondrial utilization, leading to the formation of lipid-loaded foam cells. Moreover, the current study also showed that the leucine supplement caused a significant reduction of CSE-induced foam cell formation in vitro. Thus, the current study provides insight into CS-induced atherosclerosis and an agent to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudipta Pramanik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, PIN-700019
| | - Alok Kumar Sil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, PIN-700019.
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Hammoudeh N, Soukkarieh C, Murphy DJ, Hanano A. Mammalian lipid droplets: structural, pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological roles. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101233. [PMID: 37156444 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized cytosolic organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a membrane made up of a phospholipid monolayer and a specific population of proteins that varies according to the location and function of each LD. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the understanding of LD biogenesis and functions. LDs are now recognized as dynamic organelles that participate in many aspects of cellular homeostasis plus other vital functions. LD biogenesis is a complex, highly-regulated process with assembly occurring on the endoplasmic reticulum although aspects of the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain elusive. For example, it is unclear how many enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of the neutral lipid components of LDs and how this process is coordinated in response to different metabolic cues to promote or suppress LD formation and turnover. In addition to enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of neutral lipids, various scaffolding proteins play roles in coordinating LD formation. Despite their lack of ultrastructural diversity, LDs in different mammalian cell types are involved in a wide range of biological functions. These include roles in membrane homeostasis, regulation of hypoxia, neoplastic inflammatory responses, cellular oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and protection against potentially toxic intracellular fatty acids and lipophilic xenobiotics. Herein, the roles of mammalian LDs and their associated proteins are reviewed with a particular focus on their roles in pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Hammoudeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom..
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria..
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Liu Z, Yan W, Liu S, Liu Z, Xu P, Fang W. Regulatory network and targeted interventions for CCDC family in tumor pathogenesis. Cancer Lett 2023; 565:216225. [PMID: 37182638 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
CCDC (coiled-coil domain-containing) is a coiled helix domain that exists in natural proteins. There are about 180 CCDC family genes, encoding proteins that are involved in intercellular transmembrane signal transduction and genetic signal transcription, among other functions. Alterations in expression, mutation, and DNA promoter methylation of CCDC family genes have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, including primary ciliary dyskinesia, infertility, and tumors. In recent studies, CCDC family genes have been found to be involved in regulation of growth, invasion, metastasis, chemosensitivity, and other biological behaviors of malignant tumor cells in various cancer types, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and thyroid cancer. In this review, we summarize the involvement of CCDC family genes in tumor pathogenesis and the relevant upstream and downstream molecular mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the potential of CCDC family genes as tumor therapy targets. The findings discussed here help us to further understand the role and the therapeutic applications of CCDC family genes in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, 337000, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital (People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410002, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315, Guangzhou, China; Respiratory Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518034, China.
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315, Guangzhou, China.
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Fiumara A, Sapuppo A, Ferri L, Arena A, Prato A, Garozzo D, Sturiale L, Morrone A, Barone R. Higher frequency of TMEM199-CDG in the southern mediterranean area is associated with c.92G>C (p.Arg31Pro) mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104709. [PMID: 36706865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are genetic multisystem diseases, characterized by defective glycoconjugate synthesis. A small number of CDG with isolated liver damage have been described, such as TMEM199-CDG, a non-encephalopathic liver disorder with Wilson disease-like phenotype. Only eight patients with TMEM199-CDG have been described including seven Europeans (originating from Greece and Italy) and one Chinese. Three patients from southern Italy (Campania) shared the same known missense mutation pathogenetic variant NM_152464.3:c. 92G > C (p.Arg31Pro), also found in a Greek patient. Here we report a new patient from southern Italy (Sicily), with a homozygous c.92G > C p.(Arg31Pro) variant in TMEM199. The patient's phenotype is characterized by mild non-progressive hepatopathy with a normal hepatic echo structure. A persistent increase in serum transaminases, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low serum ceruloplasmin and copper levels and normal urinary copper excretion were observed. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analyses showed abnormal N- and O- protein glycosylation, indicative of a Golgi processing defect and supporting the function of TMEM199 in maintaining Golgi homeostasis. TMEM199-CDG is an ultra-rare CDG relatively frequent in the southern Mediterranean area (7 in 9 patients, 77%). It is mainly associated with the c.92G > C (p.Arg31Pro) pathogenetic allele globally reported in 4 out of 7 families (57%), including one from Greece and three unrelated families from southern Italy. The almost uniform clinical phenotype described in patients with TMEM199-CDG appears to reflect a higher prevalence of the same variant in patients from the southern Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Fiumara
- CRR-MET, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sapuppo
- CRR-MET, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Molecular Biology of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Arena
- CRR-MET, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Prato
- Child Neuropsychiatry- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - CNR, Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - CNR, Catania, Italy
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Molecular Biology of Neurometabolic Diseases, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Barone
- CRR-MET, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - CNR, Catania, Italy.
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Ghanem M, Lewis GF, Xiao C. Recent advances in cytoplasmic lipid droplet metabolism in intestinal enterocyte. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159197. [PMID: 35820577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Processing of dietary fats in the intestine is a highly regulated process that influences whole-body energy homeostasis and multiple physiological functions. Dysregulated lipid handling in the intestine leads to dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In intestinal enterocytes, lipids are incorporated into lipoproteins and cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Lipoprotein synthesis and CLD metabolism are inter-connected pathways with multiple points of regulation. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of lipid processing in the enterocyte, with particular focus on CLDs. In-depth understanding of the regulation of lipid metabolism in the enterocyte may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murooj Ghanem
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Blaszkiewicz J, Duncan SA. Advancements in Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery Using iPSC-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:573. [PMID: 35456379 PMCID: PMC9030659 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serving as the metabolic hub of the human body, the liver is a vital organ that performs a variety of important physiological functions. Although known for its regenerative potential, it remains vulnerable to a variety of diseases. Despite decades of research, liver disease remains a leading cause of mortality in the United States with a multibillion-dollar-per-year economic burden. Prior research with model systems, such as primary hepatocytes and murine models, has provided many important discoveries. However, progress has been impaired by numerous obstacles associated with these models. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based systems have emerged as advantageous platforms for studying liver disease. Benefits, including preserved differentiation and physiological function, amenability to genetic manipulation via tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, and availability for high-throughput screening, make these systems increasingly attractive for both mechanistic studies of disease and the identification of novel therapeutics. Although limitations exist, recent studies have made progress in ameliorating these issues. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in iPSC-based models of liver disease, including improvements in model system construction as well as the use of high-throughput screens for genetic studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen A. Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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