The synergistic effect of ultrasound and chemical penetration enhancers on chorioamnion mass transport

Biocoating-A Critical Step Governing the Oral Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Decades of research into the topic of oral nanoparticle (NP) delivery has still not provided a clear consensus regarding which properties produce an effective oral drug delivery system. The surface properties-charge and bioadhesiveness-as well as in vitro and in vivo correlation seem to generate the greatest number of disagreements within the field. Herein, a mechanism underlying the in vivo behavior of NPs is proposed, which bridges the gaps between these disagreements. The mechanism relies on the idea of biocoating-the coating of NPs with mucus-which alters their surface properties, and ultimately their systemic uptake. Utilizing this mechanism, several coated NPs are tested in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, and biocoating is found to affect NPs size, zeta-potential, mucosal diffusion coefficient, the extent of aggregation, and in vivo/in vitro/ex vivo correlation. Based on these results, low molecular weight polylactic acid exhibits a 21-fold increase in mucosal diffusion coefficient after precoating as compared to uncoated particles, as well as 20% less aggregation, and about 30% uptake to the blood in vivo. These discoveries suggest that biocoating reduces negative NP charge which results in an enhanced mucosal diffusion rate, increased gastrointestinal retention time, and high systemic uptake.

Women-specific routes of administration for drugs: A critical overview

The woman's body presents a number of unique anatomical features that can constitute valuable routes for the administration of drugs, either for local or systemic action. These are associated with genitalia (vaginal, endocervical, intrauterine, intrafallopian and intraovarian routes), changes occurring during pregnancy (extra-amniotic, intra-amniotic and intraplacental routes) and the female breast (breast intraductal route). While the vaginal administration of drug products is common, other routes have limited clinical application and are fairly unknown even for scientists involved in drug delivery science. Understanding the possibilities and limitations of women-specific routes is of key importance for the development of new preventative, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that will ultimately contribute to the advancement of women's health. This article provides an overview on women-specific routes for the administration of drugs, focusing on aspects such as biological features pertaining to drug delivery, relevance in current clinical practice, available drug dosage forms/delivery systems and administration techniques, as well as recent trends in the field.

Ultrasound Effect on Cancerous versus Non-Cancerous Cells

Previous studies have found that cancer cells whose metastatic potential is low are more vulnerable to mechanical stress-induced trauma to their cytoskeleton compared with benign cells. Because ultrasound induces mechanical stresses on cells and tissues, it is postulated that there may be a way to apply ultrasound to tumors to reduce their ability to metastasize. The difference between low-malignant-potential cancer cells and benign cells could be a result of their different responses to the mechanical stress insonation induced. This hypothesis was tested in vitro and in vivo. Low-malignant-potential cells were found to be more sensitive to insonation, resulting in a significantly higher mortality rate compared with that of benign cells, 89% versus 21%, respectively. This effect can be controlled by varying ultrasound parameters: intensity, duration, and duty cycle. Thus, the results presented in this study suggest the application of ultrasound to discriminate between benign and malignant cells.