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He W, Tu S, Han J, Cui H, Lai L, Ye Y, Dai T, Yuan Y, Ji L, Luo J, Ren W, Wu A. Mild phototherapy mediated by IR780-Gd-OPN nanomicelles suppresses atherosclerotic plaque progression through the activation of the HSP27-regulated NF-κB pathway. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00252-6. [PMID: 38734283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Reducing plaque lipid content and enhancing plaque stability without causing extensive apoptosis of foam cells are ideal requirements for developing a safe and effective treatment of atherosclerosis. In this study, we synthesized IR780-Gd-OPN nanomicelles by conjugating osteopontin (OPN) and loading a gadolinium-macrocyclic ligand (Gd-DOTA) onto near-infrared dye IR780-polyethylene glycol polymer. The nanomicelles were employed for mild phototherapy of atherosclerotic plaques and dual-mode imaging with near-infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance. In vitro results reveal that the mild phototherapy mediated by IR780-Gd-OPN nanomicelles not only activates heat shock protein (HSP) 27 to protect foam cells against apoptosis but also inhibits the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway to regulate lipid metabolism and macrophage polarization, thereby diminishing the inflammatory response. In vivo results further validate that mild phototherapy effectively reduces plaque lipid content and size while simultaneously enhancing plaque stability by regulating the ratio of M1 and M2-type macrophages. In summary, this study presents a promising approach for developing a safe and highly efficient method for the precise therapeutic visualization of atherosclerosis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The rupture of unstable atherosclerotic plaques is a major cause of high mortality rates in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the ideal outcome of atherosclerosis treatment is to reduce plaque size while enhancing plaque stability. To address this challenge, we designed IR780-Gd-OPN nanomicelles for mild phototherapy of atherosclerosis. This treatment can effectively reduce plaque size while significantly improving plaque stability by increasing collagen fiber content and elevating the ratio of M2/M1 macrophages, which is mainly attributed to the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway by mild phototherapy-activated HSP27. In summary, our proposed mild phototherapy strategy provides a promising approach for safe and effective treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China
| | - Jinru Han
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haijing Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yonglong Ye
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ting Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China
| | - Yannan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China
| | - Lili Ji
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China
| | - Jiayong Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China; Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China.
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Probe Materials and Technology, Zhejiang International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, China; Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China.
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Lv F, Fang H, Huang L, Wang Q, Cao S, Zhao W, Zhou Z, Zhou W, Wang X. Curcumin Equipped Nanozyme-Like Metal-Organic Framework Platform for the Targeted Atherosclerosis Treatment with Lipid Regulation and Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Capability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309062. [PMID: 38696653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has become the leading cause of death worldwide, and early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) are crucial for reducing the occurrence of acute cardiovascular events. However, early diagnosis of AS is challenging, and oral anti-AS drugs suffer from limitations like imprecise targeting and low bioavailability. To overcome the aforementioned shortcomings, Cur/MOF@DS is developed, a nanoplatform integrating diagnosis and treatment by loading curcumin (Cur) into metal-organic frameworks with nanozymes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties. In addition, the surface-modification of dextran sulfate (DS) enables PCN-222(Mn) effectively target scavenger receptor class A in macrophages or foam cells within the plaque region. This nanoplatform employs mechanisms that effectively scavenge excessive reactive oxygen species in the plaque microenvironment, promote macrophage autophagy and regulate macrophage polarization to realize lipid regulation. In vivo and in vitro experiments confirm that this nanoplatform has outstanding MRI performance and anti-AS effects, which may provide a new option for early diagnosis and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhen Lv
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Huaqiang Fang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Shuangyuan Cao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Weimin Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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3
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Liao Y, Meng Q. Protection against cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular injury by planed-derived polyphenols and nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:116896. [PMID: 37586453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapy-induced heart injury is a significant concern for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and also targeted molecular therapy. The use of these treatments can lead to oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte damage in the heart, which can result in heart failure and other cardiac complications. Experimental studies have revealed that chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide can cause severe side effects such as cardiac fibrosis, electrophysiological remodeling, chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, etc., which may increase risk of cardiac disorders and attacks for patients that underwent chemotherapy. Similar consequences may also be observed for patients that undergo radiotherapy for left breast or lung malignancies. Polyphenols, a group of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have shown the potential in protecting against cancer therapy-induced heart injury. These compounds have been found to reduce oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis in the heart, thereby preserving cardiac function. In recent years, nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols have also provided for the delivery of these compounds and increasing their efficacy in different organs. These nanoparticles can improve the bioavailability and efficacy of polyphenols while minimizing their toxicity. This review article summarizes the current understanding of the protective effects of polyphenols and nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols against cancer therapy-induced heart injury. The article discusses the mechanisms by which polyphenols protect the heart, including antioxidant and anti-inflammation abilities. The article also highlights the potential benefits of using nanoparticles for the delivery of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Liao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Ji W, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Li C, Kankala RK, Chen A. Nature-inspired nanocarriers for improving drug therapy of atherosclerosis. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad069. [PMID: 37641591 PMCID: PMC10460486 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) has emerged as one of the prevalent arterial vascular diseases characterized by plaque and inflammation, primarily causing disability and mortality globally. Drug therapy remains the main treatment for AS. However, a series of obstacles hinder effective drug delivery. Nature, from natural micro-/nano-structural biological particles like natural cells and extracellular vesicles to the distinctions between the normal and pathological microenvironment, offers compelling solutions for efficient drug delivery. Nature-inspired nanocarriers of synthetic stimulus-responsive materials and natural components, such as lipids, proteins and membrane structures, have emerged as promising candidates for fulfilling drug delivery needs. These nanocarriers offer several advantages, including prolonged blood circulation, targeted plaque delivery, targeted specific cells delivery and controlled drug release at the action site. In this review, we discuss the nature-inspired nanocarriers which leverage the natural properties of cells or the microenvironment to improve atherosclerotic drug therapy. Finally, we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of applying these innovative nature-inspired nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Ji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- The Institute of Forensic Science, Xiamen Public Security Bureau, Xiamen, Fujian 361104, PR China
| | - Yuanru Deng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Changyong Li
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
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Groner J, Tognazzi M, Walter M, Fleischmann D, Mietzner R, Ziegler CE, Goepferich AM, Breunig M. Encapsulation of Pioglitazone into Polymer-Nanoparticles for Potential Treatment of Atherosclerotic Diseases. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37145591 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most urgent global health subjects, causes millions of deaths worldwide, and is associated with enormous healthcare costs. Macrophages are the root cause for inflammatory onset and progression of the disease but are not addressed by conventional therapy. Therefore, we used pioglitazone, which is a drug initially used for diabetes therapies, but at the same time has great potential regarding the mitigation of inflammation. As yet, this potential of pioglitazone cannot be exploited, as drug concentrations at the target site in vivo are not sufficient. To overcome this shortcoming, we established PEG-PLA/PLGA-based nanoparticles loaded with pioglitazone and tested them in vitro. Encapsulation of the drug was analyzed by HPLC and revealed an outstanding encapsulation efficiency of 59% into the nanoparticles, which were 85 nm in size and had a PDI of 0.17. Further, uptake of our loaded nanoparticles in THP-1 macrophages was comparable to the uptake of unloaded nanoparticles. On the mRNA level, pioglitazone-loaded nanoparticles were superior to the free drug by 32% in increasing the expression of the targeted receptor PPAR-γ. Thereby the inflammatory response in macrophages was ameliorated. In this study, we take the first step toward an anti-inflammatory, causal antiatherosclerotic therapy, using the potential of the already established drug pioglitazone, and enable it to enrich at the target site by using nanoparticles. An additional crucial feature of our nanoparticle platform is the versatile modifiability of ligands and ligand density, to achieve an optimal active targeting effect in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Groner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Tognazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- University of Parma, Via Università 12, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Melanie Walter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Fleischmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Mietzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian E Ziegler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim M Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Huang R, Zhang L, Li X, Liu F, Cheng X, Ran H, Wang Z, Li Y, Feng Y, Liang L, Su W, Melgiri ND, Sun Y. Anti-CXCR2 antibody-coated nanoparticles with an erythrocyte-platelet hybrid membrane layer for atherosclerosis therapy. J Control Release 2023; 356:610-622. [PMID: 36898531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of mortality globally. RBC-platelet hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles ([RBC-P]NPs), which biologically mimic platelets in vivo, display evidence of anti-atherosclerotic activity. The efficacy of a targeted RBC-platelet hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles ([RBC-P]NP)-based approach was investigated as a primary preventive measure against atherosclerosis. A ligand-receptor interactome analysis conducted with circulating platelets and monocytes derived from CAD patients and healthy controls identified CXCL8-CXCR2 as a key platelet ligand-monocyte receptor dyad in CAD patients. Based on this analysis, a novel anti-CXCR2 [RBC-P]NP that specifically binds to CXCR2 and blocks the interaction between CXCL8 and CXCR2 was engineered and characterized. Administering anti-CXCR2 [RBC-P]NPs to Western diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice led to diminished plaque size, necrosis, and intraplaque macrophage accumulation relative to control [RBC-P]NPs or vehicle. Importantly, anti-CXCR2 [RBC-P]NPs demonstrated no adverse bleeding/hemorrhagic effects. A series of in vitro experiments was conducted to characterize anti-CXCR2 [RBC-P]NP's mechanism of action in plaque macrophages. Mechanistically, anti-CXCR2 [RBC-P]NPs inhibited p38α (Mapk14)-mediated, pro-inflammatory M1 skewing and corrected efferocytosis in plaque macrophages. This targeted [RBC-P]NP-based approach, in which the cardioprotective effects of anti-CXCR2 [RBC-P]NP therapy overweighs its bleeding/hemorrhagic risks, could potentially be used to proactively manage atherosclerotic progression in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhong Huang
- Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yuxing Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation and Pain Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhua Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - N D Melgiri
- Impactys Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing, China.
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Tissue Engineering and Targeted Drug Delivery in Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Polymer Nanocarrier for Statin Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030798. [PMID: 36979777 PMCID: PMC10045667 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-related coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This requires effective primary and secondary prevention in reducing the complications related to CAD; the regression or stabilization of the pathology remains the mainstay of treatment. Statins have proved to be the most effective treatment in reducing adverse effects, but there are limitations related to the administration and achievement of effective doses as well as side effects due to the lack of target-related molecular specificity. The implemented technological steps are polymers and nanoparticles for the administration of statins, as it has been seen how the conjugation of drug delivery systems (DDSs) with statins increases bioavailability by circumventing the hepatic–renal filter and increases the related target specificity, enhancing their action and decreasing side effects. Reduction of endothelial dysfunction, reduced intimal hyperplasia, reduced ischemia–reperfusion injury, cardiac regeneration, positive remodeling in the extracellular matrix, reduced neointimal growth, and increased reendothelialization are all drug-related effects of statins enhanced by binding with DDSs. Recent preclinical studies demonstrate how the effect of statins stimulates the differentiation of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) seems to be the most promising DDS as it succeeds more than the others in enhancing the effect of the bound drug. This review intends to summarize the current evidence on polymers and nanoparticles for statin delivery in the field of cardiovascular disease, trying to shed light on this topic and identify new avenues for future studies.
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Ma B, Xiao Y, Lv Q, Li G, Wang Y, Fu G. Targeting Theranostics of Atherosclerosis by Dual-Responsive Nanoplatform via Photoacoustic Imaging and Three-In-One Integrated Lipid Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206129. [PMID: 36394179 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, as a life-threatening cardiovascular disease with chronic inflammation and abnormal lipid enrichment, is often difficult to treat timely due to the lack of obvious symptoms. In this work, a theranostic nanoplatform is constructed for the noninvasive in vivo diagnosis, plaque-formation inhibition, and the lesion reversal of atherosclerosis. A three-in-one therapeutic complex is constructed and packaged along with a polymeric photoacoustic probe into nanoparticles named as PLCDP@PMH, which indicates an atherosclerosis-targeting accumulation and a reactive oxygen species (ROS)/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) dual-responsive degradation. The photoacoustic probe suggests a lesion-specific imaging on atherosclerotic mice with an accurate and distinct recognition of plaques. At the same time, the three-in-one complex performs an integrated lipid management through the inhibition of macrophages M1-polarization, liver X receptor (LXR)-mediated up-regulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1 (ABCA1/G1) and the cyclodextrin-assisted lipid dissolution, which lead to the reduced lipid uptake, enhanced lipid efflux, and actuated lipid removal. The in vivo evaluations reveal that PLCDP@PMH can suppress the lesion progression and further reverse the formed plaques under a diet without high fat. Hence, PLCDP@PMH provides a candidate for the theranostics of early-stage atherosclerosis and delivers an impressive potential on the reversal of formed atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Gaocan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
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CHENG X, ZHAO C, JIN Z, HU J, ZHANG Z, ZHANG C. Natural products: potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:830-845. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Fu X, Yu X, Jiang J, Yang J, Chen L, Yang Z, Yu C. Small molecule-assisted assembly of multifunctional ceria nanozymes for synergistic treatment of atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6528. [PMID: 36319632 PMCID: PMC9626479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that intravascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are two characteristic features of the atherosclerotic microenvironment, developing an appropriate strategy to treat atherosclerosis by synergistically regulating ROS and inflammation has attracted widespread attention. Herein, a special molecule, zoledronic acid, containing imidazole and bisphosphonate groups, was selected for the first time to assist the assembly of cerium ions and produce functionalized ceria-zoledronic acid nanocomposites (CZ NCs). It not only serves as a new carrier for different kinds of drugs (e.g. probucol, PB) but also exerts an efficient multienzyme activity to achieve collaborative therapy. More importantly, platelet membrane-coated biomimetic nanoplatform (PCZ@PB NCs) specifically accumulate at inflammatory atherosclerotic lesions, synergistically regulate ROS levels and inflammation, and efficiently inhibit foam cell formation. This novel assembly method can also be applied in the treatment of many other diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Fu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Jiang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhangyou Yang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, P. R. China
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11
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Song K, Tang Z, Song Z, Meng S, Yang X, Guo H, Zhu Y, Wang X. Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loading Simvastatin for Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061265. [PMID: 35745836 PMCID: PMC9227583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) constitutes a major threat to human health, yet most current therapeutics are hindered in achieving desirable clinical outcomes by low bioavailability or serious side effects. Herein, we constructed an enzyme-responsive and macrophage-targeting drug delivery system (SIM@HA-MSN) which can potentially modulate the microenvironment of the atherosclerotic plaques characterized by excessive inflammation and overexpression of hyaluronidase (HAase) for precise AS treatment. More specifically, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were loaded with a lipid-lowering drug simvastatin (SIM) and further gated with hyaluronic acid (HA) coating, which endowed the nanosystem with HAase responsiveness and targetability to inflammatory macrophages. Our results showed that a high loading efficiency (>20%) and excellent enzyme-responsive release of SIM were simultaneously achieved for the first time by silica-based nanocarriers through formulation optimizations. Moreover, in vitro experiments confirmed that SIM@HA-MSN possessed robust targeting, anti-inflammatory, and anti-foaming effects, along with low cytotoxicity and excellent hemocompatibility. In addition, preliminary animal experiments demonstrated the as-established nanosystem had a long plasma-retention time and good biocompatibility in vivo. Taken together, SIM@HA-MSN with HA playing triple roles including gatekeeping, lesion-targeting, and long-circulating holds great potential for the management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechen Song
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhuang Tang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiling Song
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shiyu Meng
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China; (K.S.); (Z.T.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (X.W.)
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12
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Zhao R, Ning X, Wang M, Wang H, Xing G, Wang L, Lu C, Yu A, Wang Y. A ROS-Responsive Simvastatin Nano-Prodrug and its Fibronectin-Targeted Co-Delivery System for Atherosclerosis Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25080-25092. [PMID: 35618653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoprodrugs with responsive release properties integrate the advantages of stimuli-responsive prodrugs and nanotechnology. They would provide ultimate opportunity in fighting atherosclerosis. In this study, we synthesized a redox-responsive nanoprodrug of simvastatin (TPTS) by conjugating α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol derivative to the pharmacophore of simvastatin with a thioketal linker. TPTS formed nanoparticles and released parent simvastatin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, by taking advantage of the self-assembly behavior of TPTS, we developed a fibronectin-targeted delivery system (TPTS/C/T) to codelivery simvastatin prodrug and ticagrelor. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that TPTS and TPTS/C/T had good stability, which could reduce off-target leakage of drugs. They greatly inhibited the M1-type polarization of macrophages; reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species level and inflammatory cytokine; and TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1β were secreted by macrophage cells, thus providing enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects compared with free simvastatin. TPTS/C/T realized targeted drug release to plaques and synergistic therapeutic effects of simvastatin and ticagrelor on atherosclerosis treatment in an ApoE-/- mouse model, resulting in excellent atherosclerosis therapeutic efficacy and a promising biosafety profile. Therefore, this study provides a new method for manufacturing statin nanodrugs and a new design idea for related responsive drug release nanosystems for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ning
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ao Yu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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13
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Recent advances in functionalization of nanotextiles: A strategy to combat harmful microorganisms and emerging pathogens in the 21st century. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09761. [PMID: 35789866 PMCID: PMC9249839 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Liu H, Pietersz G, Peter K, Wang X. Nanobiotechnology approaches for cardiovascular diseases: site-specific targeting of drugs and nanoparticles for atherothrombosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:75. [PMID: 35135581 PMCID: PMC8822797 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis, the major contributors to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), represent the leading cause of death worldwide. Current pharmacological therapies have been associated with side effects or are insufficient at halting atherosclerotic progression effectively. Pioneering work harnessing the passive diffusion or endocytosis properties of nanoparticles and advanced biotechnologies in creating recombinant proteins for site-specific delivery have been utilized to overcome these limitations. Since CVDs are complex diseases, the most challenging aspect of developing site-specific therapies is the identification of an individual and unique antigenic epitope that is only expressed in lesions or diseased areas. This review focuses on the pathological mechanism of atherothrombosis and discusses the unique targets that are important during disease progression. We review recent advances in site-specific therapy using novel targeted drug-delivery and nanoparticle-carrier systems. Furthermore, we explore the limitations and future perspectives of site-specific therapy for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikun Liu
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Pietersz
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Captopril and Diuretics on Macrophage Activity in Mouse Humoral Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111374. [PMID: 34768805 PMCID: PMC8584063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is accompanied by the over-activation of macrophages. Diuretics administered alone or in combination with hypotensive drugs may have immunomodulatory effects. Thus, the influence of tested drugs on mouse macrophage-mediated humoral immunity was investigated. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with captopril (5 mg/kg) with or without hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg) or furosemide (5 mg/kg) by 8 days. Mineral oil-induced peritoneal macrophages were harvested to assess the generation of cytokines in ELISA, and the expression of surface markers was analyzed cytometrically. Macrophages were also pulsed with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and transferred to naive mice for evaluation of their ability to induce a humoral immune response. Tested drugs increase the expression of surface markers important for the antigen phagocytosis and presentation. SRBC-pulsed macrophages from mice treated with captopril combined with diuretics increased the secretion of antigen-specific antibodies by recipient B cells, while macrophages of mice treated with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide with captopril increased the number of antigen-specific B cells. Tested drugs alter the macrophage secretory profile in favor of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results showed that diuretics with or without captopril modulate the humoral response by affecting the function of macrophages, which has significant translational potential in assessing the safety of antihypertensive therapy.
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Fleischmann D, Goepferich A. General sites of nanoparticle biodistribution as a novel opportunity for nanomedicine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:44-60. [PMID: 34087354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanomedical devices has led to a considerable number of clinically applied nanotherapeutics. Yet, the overall poor translation of nanoparticular concepts into marketable systems has not met the initial expectations and led to increasing criticism in recent years. Most novel nano approaches thereby use highly refined formulations including a plethora of active targeting sequences, but ultimately fail to reach their target due to a generally high off-target deposition in organs such as the liver or kidney. In this context, we argue that initial nanoparticle (NP) development should not entirely become set on conventional formulation aspects. In contrast, we propose a change of focus towards a prior analysis of general sites of NP in vivo deposition and an assessment of how accumulation in these organs or tissues can be harnessed to develop therapies for site-related pathologies. We therefore give a comprehensive overview of existing nanotherapeutic targeting strategies for specific cell types within three of the usual suspects, i.e. the liver, kidney and the vascular system. We discuss the physiological surroundings and relevant pathologies of described tissues as well as the implications for NP-mediated drug delivery. Additionally, successful cell-selective NP concepts using active targeting strategies are assessed. By bringing together both (patho)physiological aspects and concepts for cell-selective NP formulations, we hope to show a novel opportunity for the development of more promising nanotherapeutic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fleischmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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17
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Climent E, Benaiges D, Pedro-Botet J. Hydrophilic or Lipophilic Statins? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687585. [PMID: 34095267 PMCID: PMC8172607 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs can be classified as hydrophilic or lipophilic depending on their ability to dissolve in water or in lipid-containing media. The predominantly lipophilic statins (simvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin) can easily enter cells, whereas hydrophilic statins (rosuvastatin and pravastatin) present greater hepatoselectivity. Although the beneficial role of statins in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention has been unequivocally confirmed, the possible superiority of one statin or other regarding their solubility profile is still not well-established. In this respect, although some previously published observational studies and clinical trials observed a superiority of lipophilic statins in cardiovascular outcomes, these results could also be explained by a greater low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with this statin type. On the other hand, previous studies reported conflicting results as to the possible superiority of one statin type over the other regarding heart failure outcomes. Furthermore, adverse events with statin therapy may also be related to their solubility profile. Thus, the aim of the present review was to collect clinical evidence on possible differences in cardiovascular outcomes among statins when their solubility profile is considered, and how this may also be related to the occurrence of statin-related adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Climent
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Benaiges
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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