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Gross IP, Lima AL, Sá-Barreto LL, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M. Recent advances in cutaneous drug delivery by iontophoresis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2025:1-18. [PMID: 40199721 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2025.2490267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iontophoresis has been extensively studied for topical and transdermal drug delivery to stimulate the absorption of molecules that would hardly pass through the outermost layer of the skin passively. Recent research has focused on its combination with nanoparticle-based systems or microneedles to expand its therapeutic applications. AREAS COVERED This review explores the fundamental principles of iontophoresis, focusing on key factors influencing its drug transport mechanisms, and provides a discussion of the field's current state. A comprehensive analysis of articles published or available online in 2024 was conducted, categorizing studies by their application areas, drug delivery systems, iontophoretic conditions, and experimental limitations. EXPERT OPINION The findings reveal a recent focus on wound healing and skin repair, and advancements in treating inflammation, pain, and skin cancer. Market translation requires standardized experimental protocols, particularly for iontophoretic parameters and preclinical models, along with the development of cost-effective commercial devices. Additionally, while advancements in cutaneous drug delivery have increasingly benefited from machine learning approaches, their application to iontophoresis remains underexplored. With the growing interest in associating iontophoresis with the Internet of Things, such an integration, if combined with AI tools, could offer promising opportunities for personalized, real-time treatments in modern dermatology, and therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idejan P Gross
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Lima
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Livia L Sá-Barreto
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Center for Education, Development, and Innovation of Health Products (CEDIPS), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
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Liu X, Zhao P, Wu X, Zhao Y, Zhou F, Luo Y, Jia X, Zhong W, Xing M, Lyu G. Negative Pressure Smart Patch to Sense and Heal the Wound. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025; 12:e2408077. [PMID: 39605188 PMCID: PMC11744653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202408077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) offers significant advantages in terms of rate and time for healing through generating sub-vacuum to draw out inflammatory exudate and promote wound closure. However, continuous drainage probably leads to healing delay due to the lack of information about the real status of the wound bed and the potential risk of infection. To address this concern, printed Negative Pressure Smart Patch (NPSP) is reported by integrating smart real-time sensing acidity (infection) and glucose, and anti-infection into NPWT systems. In addition, NPSP delivers vancomycin through chitosan porous microspheres under negative pressure to modulate wound healing. Compared with NPWT, NPSP projects a promising approach to removing bacteria, reducing local inflammation, and accelerating healing in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair TechnologyJiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair TechnologyJiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
| | - Xiaozhuo Wu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2Canada
| | - Yawei Zhao
- Department of Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2Canada
| | - Feifan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair TechnologyJiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
| | - Ying Luo
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair TechnologyJiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair TechnologyJiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2Canada
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2Canada
| | - Guozhong Lyu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair TechnologyJiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China
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Oshizaka T, Kodera S, Kawakubo R, Takeuchi I, Mori K, Sugibayashi K. Enhanced Drug Skin Permeation by Azone-Mimicking Ionic Liquids: Effects of Fatty Acids Forming Ionic Liquids. Pharmaceutics 2024; 17:41. [PMID: 39861689 PMCID: PMC11768391 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Laurocapram (Azone) attracted attention 40 years ago as a compound with the highest skin-penetration-enhancing effect at that time; however, its development was shelved due to strong skin irritation. We had already prepared and tested an ante-enhancer (IL-Azone), an ionic liquid (IL) with a similar structure to Azone, consisting of ε-caprolactam and myristic acid, as an enhancer candidate that maintains the high skin-penetration-enhancing effect of Azone with low skin irritation. In the present study, fatty acids with different carbon numbers (caprylic acid: C8, capric acid: C10, lauric acid: C12, myristic acid: C14, and oleic acid: C18:1) were selected and used with ε-caprolactam to prepare various IL-Azones in the search for a more effective IL-Azone. Methods: Excised porcine skin was pretreated with each IL-Azone to assess the in vitro skin permeability of antipyrine (ANP) as a model penetrant. In addition, 1,3-butanediol was selected for the skin permeation test to confirm whether the effect of IL-Azone was due to fatty acids and if this effect differed depending on the concentration of IL-Azone applied. Results: The results obtained showed that C12 IL-Azone exerted the highest skin-penetration-enhancing effect, which was higher than Azone. On the other hand, many of the IL-Azones tested had a lower skin-penetration-enhancing effect. Conclusions: These results suggest the potential of C12 IL-Azone as a strong and useful penetration enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oshizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (I.T.); (K.M.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (I.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Rika Kawakubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (I.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (I.T.); (K.M.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (I.T.); (K.M.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Chiba, Japan; (S.K.); (R.K.); (I.T.); (K.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0295, Saitama, Japan
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Oshizaka T, Yamamoto A, Tanaka H, Takeuchi I, Mori K, Sugibayashi K. Design of Ionic Liquid Formulations with Azone-Mimic Structures for Enhanced Drug Skin Permeation. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1299-1305. [PMID: 38103688 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Although laurocapram (Azone) significantly enhances the skin permeation of drugs, its development was hindered by its skin irritation. We then developed an Azone-mimic ionic liquid (IL-Azone), composed of less irritating cationic ε-caprolactam and anionic myristic acid. IL-Azone dissociates to the original cation and anion in the presence of water in the formulation. We tried to select a formulation suitable for IL-Azone in the present study. Each formulation contained 5 % of either Azone or IL-Azone along with the model drug antipyrine, and skin permeation experiments of the drug were conducted. The results revealed that IL-Azone did not enhance skin permeation when combined with most formulations tested. However, a notable and rapid enhancement in skin permeation was observed when combined with white petrolatum. This effect could be attributed to the minimal water content in white petrolatum, which prevented IL-Azone degradation. Furthermore, its permeation-enhancing effects from IL-Azone in white petrolatum were more pronounced and rapid than Azone. The rapid onset observed with IL-Azone can be attributed to its degradation into its original components at the interface between the stratum corneum and the living epidermis, which results in a shorter lag time before achieving a steady-state concentration in the SC compared to Azone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oshizaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan.
| | - Aki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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Kim TH, Kim NY, Lee HU, Choi JW, Kang T, Chung BG. Smartphone-based iontophoresis transdermal drug delivery system for cancer treatment. J Control Release 2023; 364:383-392. [PMID: 37914000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of the death worldwide. However, the conventional cancer therapy still suffers from several limitations, such as systemic side effects, poor efficacy, and patient compliance due to limited accessibility to the tumor site. To address these issues, the localized drug delivery system has emerged as a promising approach. In this study, we developed an iontophoresis-based transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) controlled by a smartphone application for cancer treatment. Iontophoresis, a low-intensity electric current-based TDDS, enhances drug permeation across the skin to provide potential for localized drug delivery and minimize systemic side effects. The fundamental mechanism of our system was modeled using finite element analysis and its performance was corroborated through the flow-through skin permeation tests using a plastic-based microfluidic chip. The results of in vitro cell experiments and skin deposition tests successfully demonstrated that our smartphone-controlled iontophoresis system significantly enhanced the drug permeation for cancer treatment. Therefore, this hand-held smartphone-based iontophoresis TDDS could be a powerful tool for self-administrated anticancer drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Uk Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wook Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Geun Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Smart Biosensor, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hasan M, Khatun A, Kogure K. Intradermal Delivery of Naked mRNA Vaccines via Iontophoresis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2678. [PMID: 38140019 PMCID: PMC10747697 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against infectious diseases and for anticancer immunotherapy have garnered considerable attention. Currently, mRNA vaccines encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles are administrated via intramuscular injection using a needle. However, such administration is associated with pain, needle phobia, and lack of patient compliance. Furthermore, side effects such as fever and anaphylaxis associated with the lipid nanoparticle components are also serious problems. Therefore, noninvasive, painless administration of mRNA vaccines that do not contain other problematic components is highly desirable. Antigen-presenting cells reside in the epidermis and dermis, making the skin an attractive vaccination site. Iontophoresis (ItP) uses weak electric current applied to the skin surface and offers a noninvasive permeation technology that enables intradermal delivery of hydrophilic and ionic substances. ItP-mediated intradermal delivery of biological macromolecules has also been studied. Herein, we review the literature on the use of ItP technology for intradermal delivery of naked mRNA vaccines which is expected to overcome the challenges associated with mRNA vaccination. In addition to the physical mechanism, we discuss novel biological mechanisms of iontophoresis, particularly ItP-mediated opening of the skin barriers and the intracellular uptake pathway, and how the combined mechanisms can allow for effective intradermal delivery of mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Animal Disease Model, Research Center for Experimental Modeling Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Anowara Khatun
- Department of Animal Disease Model, Research Center for Experimental Modeling Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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