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Laabouri FZ, Folmar C, Reyes VA, Beasley E, Ryan C, Brown C. Case report: Abomasal ulcer secondary to congenital pyloric and duodenal stenosis in a 3-day-old heifer. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1235110. [PMID: 37885618 PMCID: PMC10598675 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abomasal ulcers, an economic concern for all calf-raising farms, are usually silent until perforation occurs, at which time management is complicated and often unrewarding. This case study describes perforating ulcer in a 3-day-old Brahman heifer, occurring secondary to a congenital narrowing of the pylorus and proximal duodenum and leading to marked abomasal distention, leakage, and eventual peritonitis and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Laabouri
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chelsea Folmar
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Vicente Avila Reyes
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin Beasley
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Clare Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Corrie Brown
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Derix J, Ducatelle R, Pardon B, Croes E, Nibbelink NG, Van Deurzen-Duineveld L, Van Immerseel F, Goossens E. The in vitro effect of lactose on Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin production and the implications of lactose consumption for in vivo anti-alpha toxin antibody production. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:733-742. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bus JD, Stockhofe N, Webb LE. Invited review: Abomasal damage in veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:943-960. [PMID: 30591333 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Within all cattle production systems, veal calves are the most severely affected by abomasal damage, with current prevalence at slaughter ranging from 70 to 93% of all animals affected. Although most damage is found in the pyloric region of the abomasum, fundic lesions are also found. Despite past research into the etiology of abomasal damage and the many risk factors that have been proposed, consensus on the causal factors of abomasal damage in veal calves has not yet been reached. The aim of this review was to integrate and analyze available information on the etiology of, and possible risk factors for, abomasal damage in veal calves. We describe various proposed pathways through which risk factors may contribute to damage formation and conclude that the etiology of abomasal damage is most likely multifactorial, with diet being a main contributor. Pyloric lesions, the most common type of damage in veal calves, are likely the result of large and infrequent milk and solid feed meals, whereas fundic lesions may be caused by stress, although the evidence for this is inconclusive. Providing calves with multiple smaller milk and solid feed meals (or ad libitum provision) may decrease abomasal damage. In future research, ulcers, erosions, and scars as well as fundic and pyloric lesions should be recorded separately, because etiologies of these may differ. Further research is required to understand the exact pathway(s) by which milk replacer causes abomasal damage in veal calves; that is, whether low abomasal pH, overloading, or composition are important. Further research is also required to elucidate whether rapid intake of milk replacer and solid feed, which is influenced by restricted amounts fed, inter-calf competition, and calf breed, increases abomasal damage. Research is also needed into the effect of medication and nutrient deficiencies other than iron. The types of experimental designs that can be used for future research could be enhanced if a means to assess abomasal damage antemortem is developed. We conclude that it is unlikely that abomasal or ruminal hairballs, iron deficiency, water provision, and various infections and diseases are significant contributors to abomasal damage in veal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bus
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - L E Webb
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Goossens E, Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez PR, Van Immerseel F. Rethinking the role of alpha toxin in Clostridium perfringens-associated enteric diseases: a review on bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. Vet Res 2017; 48:9. [PMID: 28209206 PMCID: PMC5314468 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A strains. The disease mainly affects calves under intensive rearing conditions and is characterized by sudden death associated with small intestinal haemorrhage, necrosis and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. The common assumption that, when causing intestinal disease, C. perfringens relies upon specific, plasmid-encoded toxins, was recently challenged by the finding that alpha toxin, which is produced by all C. perfringens strains, is essential for necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. In addition to alpha toxin, other C. perfringens toxins and/or enzymes might contribute to the pathogenesis of necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. These additional virulence factors might contribute to breakdown of the protective mucus layer during initial stage of pathogenesis, after which alpha toxin, either or not in synergy with other toxins such as perfringolysin O, can act on the mucosal tissue. Furthermore, alpha toxin alone does not cause intestinal necrosis, indicating that other virulence factors might be needed to cause the extensive tissue necrosis observed in necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. This review summarizes recent research that has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis and provides information that is indispensable for the development of novel control strategies, including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bonnie R Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet R Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Elsify A, Tarabess R, Nayel MA, Salama A, Allaam M, Abd EGM, Hassan H, Zaghawa A, Elballal S. Bacteriological and molecular studies on Clostridium perfringens isolated from sheep in three Egyptian provinces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zhang J, Guo Z, Lim AAQ, Zheng Y, Koh EY, Ho D, Qiao J, Huo D, Hou Q, Huang W, Wang L, Javzandulam C, Narangerel C, Jirimutu, Menghebilige, Lee YK, Zhang H. Mongolians core gut microbiota and its correlation with seasonal dietary changes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5001. [PMID: 24833488 PMCID: PMC4023135 DOI: 10.1038/srep05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the Mongol Empire ranks among the world's largest contiguous empires, and the Mongolians developed their unique lifestyle and diet over thousands of years. In this study, the intestinal microbiota of Mongolians residing in Ulan Bator, TUW province and the Khentii pasturing area were studied using 454 pyrosequencing and q-PCR technology. We explored the impacts of lifestyle and seasonal dietary changes on the Mongolians' gut microbes. At the phylum level, the Mongolians's gut populations were marked by a dominance of Bacteroidetes (55.56%) and a low Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (0.71). Analysis based on the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level revealed that the Mongolian core intestinal microbiota comprised the genera Prevotella, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum and Coprococcus. Urbanisation and life-style may have modified the compositions of the gut microbiota of Mongolians from Ulan Bator, TUW and Khentii. Based on a food frequency questionnaire, we found that the dietary structure was diverse and stable throughout the year in Ulan Bator and TUW, but was simple and varied during the year in Khentii. Accordingly, seasonal effects on intestinal microbiota were more distinct in Khentii residents than in TUW or Ulan Bator residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Zhang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China [2]
| | - Zhuang Guo
- 1] Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China [2]
| | - Angela An Qi Lim
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore [2]
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Eileen Y Koh
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Danliang Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dongxue Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Qiangchuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chimedsuren Javzandulam
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Choijilsuren Narangerel
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jirimutu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Menghebilige
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Goossens E, Verherstraeten S, Timbermont L, Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez PR, Van Immerseel F. Clostridium perfringens strains from bovine enterotoxemia cases are not superior in in vitro production of alpha toxin, perfringolysin O and proteolytic enzymes. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:32. [PMID: 24479821 PMCID: PMC3913962 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine enterotoxemia is a major cause of mortality in veal calves. Predominantly veal calves of beef cattle breeds are affected and losses due to enterotoxemia may account for up to 20% of total mortality. Clostridium perfringens type A is considered to be the causative agent. Recently, alpha toxin and perfringolysin O have been proposed to play an essential role in the development of disease. However, other potential virulence factors also may play a role in the pathogenesis of bovine enterotoxemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether strains originating from bovine enterotoxemia cases were superior in in vitro production of virulence factors (alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, mucinase, collagenase) that are potentially involved in enterotoxemia. To approach this, a collection of strains originating from enterotoxemia cases was compared to bovine strains isolated from healthy animals and to strains isolated from other animal species. Results Strains originating from bovine enterotoxemia cases produced variable levels of alpha toxin and perfringolysin O that were not significantly different from levels produced by strains isolated from healthy calves and other animal species. All tested strains exhibited similar mucinolytic activity independent of the isolation source. A high variability in collagenase activity between strains could be observed, and no higher collagenase levels were produced in vitro by strains isolated from enterotoxemia cases. Conclusions Bovine enterotoxemia strains do not produce higher levels of alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, mucinase and collagenase, as compared to strains derived from healthy calves and other animal species in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Flahou B, Verherstraeten S, Goossens E, Timbermont L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F, Deprez PR. Prevalence and bacterial colonisation of fundic ulcerations in veal calves. Vet Rec 2013; 172:269. [DOI: 10.1136/vr-2012-101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - B. Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - B. Flahou
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - S. Verherstraeten
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - E. Goossens
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - L. Timbermont
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - F. Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
| | - P. R. Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke B-9820 Belgium
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lesion development in a new intestinal loop model indicates the involvement of a shared Clostridium perfringens virulence factor in haemorrhagic enteritis in calves. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:103-12. [PMID: 23351504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia is a fatal disease in fast growing suckler and veal calves. An intestinal loop model was developed to study the pathogenesis of the disease. Loops were injected with stationary and logarithmic C. perfringens cultures with or without, a milk protein-based commercial milk replacer for calves. Isolates tested were from cases of bovine enterotoxaemia and from calves without signs of enterotoxaemia, in addition to netB-positive and -negative isolates from poultry, a type C isolate from piglets and the human isolate JIR325. All isolates induced necrohaemorrhagic lesions in combination with milk replacer, while all control loops (i.e. medium plus milk replacer) remained histologically normal. In addition, time-course experiments were conducted using an isolate from an outbreak of bovine enterotoxaemia. Histological examination showed that the earliest lesion was congestion of the capillaries, starting within 30 min of inoculation. Haemorrhage and mucosal necrosis began at the tips of the villi 3-4 h after bacterial inoculation. These lesions are similar to those observed in natural cases of bovine enterotoxaemia. Therefore, in this model, necrohaemorrhagic lesions can be induced by C. perfringens isolates from diverse origins, suggesting that the lesions may be caused by one or more virulence factors that are shared by these isolates.
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Scientific Opinion on the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA J 2012; 10:2669. [PMID: 32313568 PMCID: PMC7163673 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information given in previous Opinions "Welfare of cattle kept for beef production" (SCAHAW, 2001) and "The risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems" (EFSA, 2006) is updated and recent scientific evidence on the topics reviewed. Risks of poor welfare are identified using a structured analysis, and issues not identified in the SCAHAW (2001) beef Opinion, especially effects of housing and management on enteric and respiratory diseases are reviewed. The Opinion covers all systems of beef production, although the welfare of suckler cows or breeding bulls is not considered. The Chapter on beef cattle presents new evidence and recommendations in relation to heat and cold stress, mutilations and pain management, digestive disorders linked to high concentrate feeds and respiratory disorders linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment. Major welfare problems in cattle kept for beef production, as identified by risk assessment, were respiratory diseases linked to overstocking, inadequate ventilation, mixing of animals and failure of early diagnosis and treatment, digestive disorders linked to intensive concentrate feeding, lack of physically effective fibre in the diet, and behavioural disorders linked to inadequate floor space, and co-mingling in the feedlot. Major hazards for white veal calves were considered to be iron-deficiency anaemia, a direct consequence of dietary iron restriction, enteric diseases linked to high intakes of liquid feed and inadequate intake of physically effective fibre, discomfort and behavioural disorders linked to inadequate floors and floor space.
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