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Zurak D, Gunjević V, Grbeša D, Svečnjak Z, Kralik Z, Košević M, Džidić A, Pirgozliev V, Kljak K. Kernel properties related to carotenoid release during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in commercial dent maize hybrids. Food Chem 2024; 435:137535. [PMID: 37742464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of study was to investigate the relationships between maize kernel properties and carotenoid release during simulated gastrointestinal digestion of 103 hybrids of dent type. Commercial maize hybrids significantly differed in kernel hardness, chemical composition and carotenoid profile. Across all hybrids, the amount of digestible individual carotenoids increased as follows: β-carotene < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < lutein < zeaxanthin. The amount of digested carotenoids correlated negatively with amylose content and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, while it correlated positively with the content of neutral detergent fibres and amylopectin as well as the Stenvert index. However, the content of endosperm lipids could not be related to carotenoid digestibility. Findings clearly indicate that the carotenoid release from the kernel during digestion is related to specific physical and chemical properties, leading to a better understanding of the effects of kernel matrix structure on carotenoid digestibility in dent-type maize hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Zurak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veronika Gunjević
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Grbeša
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Manuela Košević
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Alen Džidić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vasil Pirgozliev
- Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Kristina Kljak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Gunjević V, Majerić Musa M, Zurak D, Svečnjak Z, Duvnjak M, Grbeša D, Kljak K. Carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of dent maize hybrids and its relationship with the grain physicochemical properties. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113909. [PMID: 38225147 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids in maize grain degrade during storage, but the relationship between their stability and the physicochemical properties of the grain is unclear. Therefore, the carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of three dent hybrids differing in grain hardness was evaluated at various temperatures (-20, 4 and 22 °C). The carotenoid degradation rate was calculated using first-order kinetics based on the content in the samples after 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 90 days of storage and related to the physicochemical properties of the grain. The highest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest zein and endosperm lipid concentration, while the lowest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest amylose content and the specific surface area of starch granule (SSA). As expected, carotenoids in milled maize grain were most stable at -20 °C, followed by storage at 4 and 22 °C. Tested hybrids differed in the degradation rate of zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, and these responses were also temperature-dependent. In contrast, all hybrids showed similar degradation rate for lutein and β-cryptoxanthin regardless of the storage temperature. Averaged over the hybrids, the degradation rate for individual carotenoids ranked as follows: lutein < zeaxanthin < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < β-carotene. The lower degradation rate for most carotenoids was mainly associated with a higher content of zein and specific endosperm lipids, with the exception of zeaxanthin, which showed an opposite pattern of response. Degradation rate for lutein and zeaxanthin negatively correlated with SSA, but interestingly, small starch granules were positively associated with higher degradation rate for mostcarotenoids. Dent-type hybrids may differ significantly in carotenoid degradation rate, which was associated with specific physicochemical properties of the maize grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gunjević
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Majerić Musa
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Zurak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- Department of Field Crops, Forage and Grassland, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Duvnjak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Darko Grbeša
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Šimić D, Galić V, Jambrović A, Ledenčan T, Kljak K, Buhiniček I, Šarčević H. Genetic Variability in Carotenoid Contents in a Panel of Genebank Accessions of Temperate Maize from Southeast Europe. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3453. [PMID: 37836193 PMCID: PMC10575074 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are an abundant group of lipid-soluble antioxidants in maize kernels. Maize is a key target crop for carotenoid biofortification focused on using conventional plant breeding in native germplasm of temperate areas traced back partially to traditional cultivars (landraces). In this study, the objectives were to determine the variability of lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), α-cryptoxanthin (αCX), β-cryptoxanthin (βCX), α-carotene (αC), and β-carotene (βC) contents in the grain of 88 accessions of temperate maize from the Croatian genebank, and to evaluate the relationships among the contents of different carotenoids as well as the relationships between kernel color and hardness and carotenoid content. Highly significant variability among the 88 accessions was detected for all carotenoids. On average, the most abundant carotenoid was LUT with 13.2 μg g-1 followed by ZEA with 6.8 μg g-1 dry matter. A Principal Component Analysis revealed a clear distinction between α- (LUT, αCX, and αC) and β-branch (ZEA; βCX, and βC) carotenoids. β-branch carotenoids were positively correlated with kernel color, and weakly positively associated with kernel hardness. Our results suggest that some genebank accessions with a certain percentage of native germplasm may be a good source of carotenoid biofortification in Southeast Europe. However, due to the lack of association between LUT and ZEA, the breeding process could be cumbersome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Šimić
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno Predgrađe 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.G.); (A.J.); (T.L.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Vlatko Galić
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno Predgrađe 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.G.); (A.J.); (T.L.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Antun Jambrović
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno Predgrađe 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.G.); (A.J.); (T.L.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tatjana Ledenčan
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno Predgrađe 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.G.); (A.J.); (T.L.)
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivica Buhiniček
- Bc Institute for Breeding and Production of Field Crops, Rugvica, Dugoselska 7, 10370 Dugo Selo, Croatia;
| | - Hrvoje Šarčević
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Li X, Cheng X, Yang J, Wang X, Lü X. Unraveling the difference in physicochemical properties, sensory, and volatile profiles of dry chili sauce and traditional fresh dry chili sauce fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum PC8 using electronic nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bongianino NF, Steffolani ME, Biasutti CA, León AE. Suitability of Argentinian maize hybrids for polenta production. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Francisco Bongianino
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC) CONICET‐UNC 5000 Córdoba Argentina
- Mejoramiento Genético Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Nacional de Córdoba CC 509, 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Steffolani
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC) CONICET‐UNC 5000 Córdoba Argentina
- Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Nacional de Córdoba CC 509, 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Carlos Alberto Biasutti
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC) CONICET‐UNC 5000 Córdoba Argentina
- Mejoramiento Genético Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Nacional de Córdoba CC 509, 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Alberto Edel León
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC) CONICET‐UNC 5000 Córdoba Argentina
- Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Nacional de Córdoba CC 509, 5000 Córdoba Argentina
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LaPorte MF, Vachev M, Fenn M, Diepenbrock C. Simultaneous dissection of grain carotenoid levels and kernel color in biparental maize populations with yellow-to-orange grain. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6506523. [PMID: 35100389 PMCID: PMC8895983 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Maize enriched in provitamin A carotenoids could be key in combatting vitamin A deficiency in human populations relying on maize as a food staple. Consumer studies indicate that orange maize may be regarded as novel and preferred. This study identifies genes of relevance for grain carotenoid concentrations and kernel color, through simultaneous dissection of these traits in 10 families of the US maize nested association mapping panel that have yellow to orange grain. Quantitative trait loci were identified via joint-linkage analysis, with phenotypic variation explained for individual kernel color quantitative trait loci ranging from 2.4% to 17.5%. These quantitative trait loci were cross-analyzed with significant marker-trait associations in a genome-wide association study that utilized ∼27 million variants. Nine genes were identified: four encoding activities upstream of the core carotenoid pathway, one at the pathway branchpoint, three within the α- or β-pathway branches, and one encoding a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. Of these, three exhibited significant pleiotropy between kernel color and one or more carotenoid traits. Kernel color exhibited moderate positive correlations with β-branch and total carotenoids and negligible correlations with α-branch carotenoids. These findings can be leveraged to simultaneously achieve desirable kernel color phenotypes and increase concentrations of provitamin A and other priority carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Francis LaPorte
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mishi Vachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Fenn
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Saenz E, Borrás L, Gerde JA. Carotenoid profiles in maize genotypes with contrasting kernel hardness. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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