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Figueiredo DM, Lô S, Krop E, Meijer J, Beeltje H, Lamoree MH, Vermeulen R. Do cats mirror their owner? Paired exposure assessment using silicone bands to measure residential PAH exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115412. [PMID: 36736760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that domestic animals can serve as sentinels for human exposures. In this study our objectives were to demonstrate that i) silicone collars can be used to measure environmental exposures of (domestic) animals, and that ii) domestic animals can be used as sentinels for human residential exposure. For this, we simultaneously measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using silicone bands worn by 30 pet cats (collar) and their owner (wristband). Collars and wristbands were worn for 7 days and analyzed via targeted Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Demographics and daily routines were collected for humans and cats. Out of 16 PAHs, 9 were frequently detected (>50% of samples) in both wristbands and collars, of which Phenanthrene and Fluorene were detected in all samples. Concentrations of wristbands and collars were moderately correlated for these 9 PAHs (Median Spearman's r = 0.51 (range 0.16-0.68)). Determinants of PAH concentrations of cats and humans showed considerable overlap, with vacuum cleaning resulting in higher exposures and frequent changing of bed sheets in lower exposures. This study adds proof-of-principle data for the use of silicone collars to measure (domestic) animal exposure and shows that cats can be used as sentinels for human residential exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Serigne Lô
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda Krop
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Beeltje
- TNO Environmeral Modelling, Sensing & Analysis, Princetonlaan 8, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands; AQUON, De Blomboogerd 12, 4003 BX, Tiel, the Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Matsunaka T, Nagao S, Inoue M, Mundo R, Tanaka S, Tang N, Yoshida MA, Nishizaki M, Morita M, Takikawa T, Suzuki N, Ogiso S, Hayakawa K. Seasonal variations in marine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons off Oki Island, Sea of Japan, during 2015-2019. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113749. [PMID: 35596998 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 13 phase-partitioned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater were monitored monthly off Oki Island, Japan, during 2015-2019 to elucidate seasonal variations, main source, and transport pathways of PAHs in the southwestern Sea of Japan. Total PAH (dissolved plus particulate) concentrations in surface seawater at 36°09.0'N, 133°17.3'E (site OK) were in the range 0.49-9.36 ng L-1 (mean 2.77, SD 2.05 ng L-1) with higher levels in summer-autumn, an order of magnitude lower than those in the East China Sea during 2005 and 2009-2011 and about one-third of those recorded in the Sea of Japan in 2008 and 2010. The main sources of dissolved and particulate PAHs were combustion products. Increasing dissolved PAH levels during July-October indicate that the area around southern Oki Island is impacted by PAH-rich summer continental-shelf water transported by the Tsushima Warm Current flowing from the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsunaka
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan; Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan; Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Mutsuo Inoue
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan; Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Rodrigo Mundo
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Tanaka
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Division of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Masa-Aki Yoshida
- Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 194 Kamo, Okinoshima-cho, Oki, Shimane 685-0024, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nishizaki
- Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 194 Kamo, Okinoshima-cho, Oki, Shimane 685-0024, Japan.
| | - Masaya Morita
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan.
| | - Tetsutaro Takikawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Wake O-24, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan.
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Geochemical Control of PAHs by Inflowing River Water to West Nanao Bay, Japan, and Its Influences on Ecological Risk: Small-Scale Changes Observed under Near-Background Conditions at an Enclosed Bay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910310. [PMID: 34639613 PMCID: PMC8508535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), even at low concentrations, have been shown to trigger changes in life cycles and provoke abnormal behaviors in numerous marine organisms. From May 2019 to September 2020, particulate and dissolved PAH concentrations were analyzed on the surface water of West Nanao Bay, Japan, to determinate their levels, emission sources, environmental pathways, and ecological risks at this remote but semi-enclosed bay. The 14 targeted PAHs were analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence detector. Mean total PAH concentrations were lower than 20.0 ng L−1 for most samples. Based on fluoranthene (Flu) to pyrene (Pyr) ([Flu]/[Flu + Pyr]) and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) to chrysene (Chr) ([BaA]/[BaA + Chr]) isomeric ratios and a varimax rotated PCA, it was established that biomass combustion was the principal source in the particulate phase and that liquid fossil fuel combustion was the principal source in the dissolved phase. From salinity and turbidity distribution, riverine discharges were determined to be the major and continuous transportation pathway of particulate PAHs. It was observed that rain events had a role in the transport of dissolved PAHs. The risk quotients (RQ∑14 PAHs (NCs): 0–84.53) indicated that PAHs represented a very low to low acute environmental risk. The results of this study will contribute to filling the paradigm gap of ecotoxicological studies in remote areas, working as a booster for future in-lab studies of non-lethal implications of endocrine disruptors such as PAHs.
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Costa JCS, Campos RM, Lima LMSS, da Silva MAVR, Santos LMNBF. On the Aromatic Stabilization of Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3696-3709. [PMID: 33890788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic properties and band gap energies were evaluated for six ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): triphenylene; benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[e]pyrene; perylene; benzo[ghi]perylene; coronene. The standard molar enthalpies of formation in the crystalline state and the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation were measured by high precision combustion calorimetry and Knudsen effusion methodology, respectively. The combination of the molar enthalpies of formation in the crystalline state with the respective enthalpies of sublimation was used to evaluate the energetics of the progressive peri-fusion of the aromatic moieties from triphenylene to coronene aiming to investigate the hypothetical superaromaticity character of coronene. The linear trend of the enthalpy of formation in crystalline and gaseous phases in the series (from benzo[e]pyrene to coronene) is an irrefutable indication of a non-superaromaticity character of coronene. High accurate thermodynamic properties of sublimation (volatility, enthalpy, and entropy of sublimation) were derived by the measurement of vapor pressures as a function of temperature, using a Knudsen/quartz crystal effusion methodology. Furthermore, the π-electronic conjugation of these compounds was explored by evaluation of the optical band gaps along with this series of compounds. The morphology of perylene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and coronene thin films, deposited by physical vapor deposition onto transparent conductive oxide substrates (ITO and FTO), was used to analyze the nucleation and growth mechanisms. The morphologies observed were found to be related to the cohesive energy and entropy of the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C S Costa
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M Campos
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M S S Lima
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M A V Ribeiro da Silva
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M N B F Santos
- CIQUP, Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Son CE, Choi SS. The influence of different types of reactant ions on the ionization behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8936. [PMID: 32875612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be cancer-causing chemicals, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is used for on-site detection of such hazardous chemicals. In IMS, the ionization behavior of analytes is affected by the types of reactant ions (RIs). In the present work, the influence of different types of RIs on the ionization behaviors of PAHs in an ion mobility spectrometer equipped with a corona discharge ionization source was investigated using various RIs. METHODS Selected PAHs were dissolved in anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or bromobenzene. The IMS analysis procedure was performed as follows: (a) the PAH solution was dropped onto the smear matrix; (b) the smear matrix was immediately inserted into the sample inlet to minimize evaporation of the solvent; and (c) the IMS analysis was performed. The lowest amount studied was 10 ng. Variations in the IMS spectra with time were investigated. RESULTS PAHs were not ionized by RIs of protonated molecules ([M + H]+ ) such as air/moisture and acetone, but they were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of molecular ions (M•+ ) of solvents such as anisole, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene. The PAH ions were detected following a time delay of ~1-5 s after the sample introduction, and the times at which the maximum intensities for the PAHs were observed were different. The detection limits of PAHs in chlorobenzene were on the whole better than those in other solvents, whereas those in fluorobenzene were worse. The detection limits of pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were better than those of the other PAHs irrespective of the solvent used. CONCLUSIONS PAH molecules were ionized by charge transfer reactions with RIs of the solvents, and their ions were detected ~1-5 s after sample introduction. The order of the ionization efficiency was chlorobenzene > anisole > bromobenzene > fluorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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Zhang M, Yamada K, Bourguet S, Guelfo J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of nine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) determined using the Knudsen Effusion Method. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA 2020; 65:2332-2342. [PMID: 32968326 PMCID: PMC7505237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.9b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sublimation vapor pressures of nine pure perfluoroalkyl substances, including Ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (GenX), 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-decanol (8:2 FTOH), 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-dodecanol (10:2 FTOH) and C6 to C11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), were measured using the Knudsen technique at near ambient temperatures. Melting temperatures and fusion enthalpies of these compounds were also measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The vapor pressure of GenX ammonium salt is comparable to that of the much higher molecular weight perfluoroundecanoic acid. GenX ammonium salt also did not show actual melting behavior but instead decomposed at around 470 K. The measured near ambient temperature sublimation vapor pressures of the PFCAs and FTOHs were compared with some earlier reported liquid phase vapor pressures obtained at higher temperatures, and reasonable agreement exists between the data obtained in the different studies. The sublimation enthalpies of the PFCAs indicate that the contribution to the sublimation enthalpy of the CF2 group in the alkyl chain is comparable to that of the CH2 group in the corresponding non-fluorinated analogues, even though the PFCAs show consistently higher vapor pressures than do the corresponding carbon number alkanoic acids.
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Temporal Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Seawater at Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014–2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030873 10.3390/ijerph18041574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of phase-partitioning 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater were investigated in the Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014–2018, to improve the understanding of the environmental behavior of PAHs in the coastal areas of the Japan Sea. Total PAH (particulate plus dissolved) concentrations in surface seawater were in the range 0.24–2.20 ng L−1 (mean 0.89 ng L−1), an order of magnitude lower than the mean values observed in the Japan Sea in 2008 and 2010. Although the PAH contamination levels during 2014–2018 were significantly lower than those in the East China Sea, the levels increased from 2014 to 2017 and were maintained at the higher level during 2017–2018. The main sources of particulate and dissolved PAHs during 2014–2018 were combustion products, of which the former were more influenced by liquid fossil-fuel combustion and the latter by biomass or coal combustion. The increase in particulate PAH concentrations in October–December during 2014–2018 was due to the impact of PAH-rich airmasses transported from the East Asian landmass in the northwesterly winter monsoon winds. The increase in dissolved PAH levels during July–September in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018 indicates that the Tsukumo Bay is possibly impacted by the PAH-rich summer continental shelf water transported by the Coastal Branch of the Tsushima Warm Current, which flows into the Japan Sea from the East China Sea.
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Temporal Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Seawater at Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030873. [PMID: 32019251 PMCID: PMC7037195 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of phase-partitioning 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater were investigated in the Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula, Japan, during 2014–2018, to improve the understanding of the environmental behavior of PAHs in the coastal areas of the Japan Sea. Total PAH (particulate plus dissolved) concentrations in surface seawater were in the range 0.24–2.20 ng L−1 (mean 0.89 ng L−1), an order of magnitude lower than the mean values observed in the Japan Sea in 2008 and 2010. Although the PAH contamination levels during 2014–2018 were significantly lower than those in the East China Sea, the levels increased from 2014 to 2017 and were maintained at the higher level during 2017–2018. The main sources of particulate and dissolved PAHs during 2014–2018 were combustion products, of which the former were more influenced by liquid fossil-fuel combustion and the latter by biomass or coal combustion. The increase in particulate PAH concentrations in October–December during 2014–2018 was due to the impact of PAH-rich airmasses transported from the East Asian landmass in the northwesterly winter monsoon winds. The increase in dissolved PAH levels during July–September in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018 indicates that the Tsukumo Bay is possibly impacted by the PAH-rich summer continental shelf water transported by the Coastal Branch of the Tsushima Warm Current, which flows into the Japan Sea from the East China Sea.
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Hayakawa K, Makino F, Yasuma M, Yoshida S, Chondo Y, Toriba A, Kameda T, Tang N, Kunugi M, Nakase H, Kinoshita C, Kawanishi T, Zhou Z, Qing W, Mishukov V, Tishchenko P, Lobanov VB, Chizhova T, Koudryashova Y. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water of the Southeastern Japan Sea. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:625-31. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Fumiya Makino
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Mari Yasuma
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Yvonne Chondo
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Masayuki Kunugi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wu Qing
- School of Public Health, Fudan University
| | - Vassily Mishukov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
| | - Pavel Tishchenko
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
| | | | - Tatiana Chizhova
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
| | - Yulia Koudryashova
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
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Abou-Naccoul R, Mokbel I, Bassil G, Saab J, Stephan K, Jose J. Aqueous solubility (in the range between 298.15 and 338.15 K), vapor pressures (in the range between 10(-5) and 80 Pa) and Henry's law constant of 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:41-49. [PMID: 24012142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solubility and vapor pressures of 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene were determined using dynamic saturation methods. For the two isomers, aqueous solubility is in the range between 10(-10) and 10(-2) in molar fraction corresponding to temperature between 298.15 and 338.15K. Vapor pressures of the pure solutes range from 10(-5) to 80 Pa. Prior to the study of the two dibenzanthracenes and in order to check the experimental procedures, solubility of fluoranthene (between 298 and 338 K) and vapor pressures of phenanthrene and fluoranthene (between 300 and 470 K) were measured. From aqueous solubility data coupled with the vapor pressures of the pure solutes, partition coefficient air-water, KAW, and Henry's constant, KH, of environmental relevance were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Abou-Naccoul
- Institut des Sciences Analytique de Lyon, UMR 5280, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Fu J, Suuberg EM. Thermochemical and Vapor Pressure Behavior of Anthracene and Brominated Anthracene Mixtures. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA 2013; 342:10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.036. [PMID: 24319314 PMCID: PMC3848959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work concerns the thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of the anthracene (1) + 2-bromoanthracene (2) and anthracene (1) + 9-bromoanthracene (3) systems. Solid-liquid equilibrium temperature and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate the existence of a minimum melting solid state near an equilibrium temperature of 477.65 K at x1 = 0.74 for the (1) + (2) system. Additionally, solid-vapor equilibrium studies for the (1) + (2) system show that the vapor pressure of the mixtures depends on composition, but does not follow ideal Raoult's law behaviour. The (1) + (3) system behaves differently from the (1) + (2) system. The (1) + (3) system has a solid solution like phase diagram. The system consists of two phases, an anthracene like phase and a 9-bromoanthracene like phase, while (1) + (2) mixtures only form a single phase. Moreover, experimental studies of the two systems suggest that the (1) + (2) system is in a thermodynamically lower energy state than the (1) + (3) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
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Fu J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:574-8. [PMID: 22213441 PMCID: PMC3288591 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10⁻⁹, 7.47 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 2.33 × 10⁻⁹ Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Fu J, Suuberg EM. Thermochemical properties and phase behavior of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:486-493. [PMID: 22139714 PMCID: PMC3641849 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of vapor pressure of organic pollutants is essential in predicting their fate and transport in the environment. In the present study, the vapor pressures of 12 halogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), 9-chlorofluorene, 2,7-dichlorofluorene, 2-bromofluorene, 9-bromofluorene, 2,7-dibromofluorene, 2-bromoanthracene, 9-chlorophenanthrene, 9-bromophenanthrene, 9,10-dibromophenanthrene, 1-chloropyrene, 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene, and 6,12-dibromochrysene, were measured using the Knudsen effusion method over the temperature range of 301 to 464 K. Enthalpies and entropies of sublimation of these compounds were determined via application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The data were also compared with earlier published literature values to study the influence of halogen substitution on vapor pressure of PACs. As expected, the halogen substitution decreases vapor pressure compared with parent compounds but does not necessarily increase the enthalpy of sublimation. Furthermore, the decrease of vapor pressure also depends on the substitution position and the substituted halogen, and the di-substitution of chlorine and/or bromine decreases the vapor pressure compared with single halogen-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the enthalpy of fusion and melting temperature of these 12 PACs were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and melting point analysis.
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Fu J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of solid polybrominated diphenyl ethers determined via Knudsen effusion method. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2216-9. [PMID: 21766320 PMCID: PMC3634866 DOI: 10.1002/etc.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. The solid vapor pressures of BDE 15 and BDE 209 were determined by using the Knudsen effusion method, and the values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 3.12 × 10(-3) and 9.02 × 10(-13) Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these compounds have also been estimated by using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and are 102.0 ± 3.5 and 157.1 ± 3.5 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, the melting points and enthalpies of fusion were measured by differential scanning calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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