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Papageorgiou D, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Viral Sepsis. Viruses 2024; 16:1004. [PMID: 39066167 PMCID: PMC11281345 DOI: 10.3390/v16071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening systemic hyperinflammatory syndrome triggered by various infections, particularly viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and malignancy. The condition is characterized by an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines resulting in a cytokine storm and has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with severe manifestations developed features similar to those of MAS, although these characteristics remained well defined within the lung. Additionally, other viral infections including EBV, the herpes family of viruses, hepatitis viruses, influenza, HIV, and hemorrhagic fevers can be complicated by MAS. The diagnosis and management of the condition remain challenging due to the lack of consensus on specific guidelines, especially among the adult population. Currently, therapeutic options primarily rely on medications that are typically used to treat primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, such as corticosteroids and etoposide. In addition, cytokine-targeted therapies present promising treatment options. The objective of this review is to discuss the emergence of MAS in the context of viral infections including, but not limited to, its occurrence in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Papageorgiou
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
- Metropolitan General Hospital, 15562 Athens, Greece
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Sen ES, Ramanan AV. Cytokine Storm Syndrome Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever and Other Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:249-267. [PMID: 39117819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
A wide variety of infections can trigger cytokine storm syndromes including those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The most frequent viral trigger is Epstein-.Barr virus which is covered in Chapter 16. CSS associated with COVID-19 is also discussed separately (Chapter 22). This chapter will focus on other viruses including the hemorrhagic fever viruses, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, parvovirus, hepatitis viruses, measles, mumps, rubella, enterovirus, parechovirus, rotavirus, human metapneumovirus and human T-lymphotropic virus. The published literature consists of many single case reports and moderate-sized case series reporting CSS, in most circumstances meeting the 2004 diagnostic criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). There is no published clinical trial evidence specifically for management of HLH associated with these viruses. In some situations, patients received supportive therapy and blood product transfusions only but in most cases, they were treated with one or more of intravenous corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and/or etoposide. These were successful in many patients although in significant numbers progression of infection to CSS was associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Sen
- Consultant in Paediatric Rheumatology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A V Ramanan
- Consultant in Paediatric Rheumatology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
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3
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Lynch JP, Kajon AE. Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Types, and Approach to Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:800-821. [PMID: 34918322 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The vast majority of cases are self-limited. However, the clinical spectrum is broad and fatalities may occur. Dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (e.g., organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50%. More than 100 genotypes and 52 serotypes of AdV have been identified and classified into seven species designated HAdV-A through -G. Different types display different tissue tropisms that correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant types circulating at a given time differ among countries or regions, and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant viruses by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial, as prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been done. Cidofovir has been the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Live oral vaccines are highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection and are in routine use in the military in the United States but currently are not available to civilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Lynch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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4
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Li Y, Wang D, Zhang J, Huang P, Du H, Xu J, Chen H, Yan Y, Chen H, Lu X, Liu D. Human Adenovirus Type 7 Infections in Hubei, China During 2018-2019: Epidemic Features and Genetic Characterization of the Detected Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:684606. [PMID: 34490137 PMCID: PMC8417316 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.684606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) type 7 can cause severe respiratory disease. During the period between December 2018 and August 2019, HAdV-7 infection was identified in 129 patients in Wuhan Children's Hospital, Hubei Province, China. Samples were collected from hospitalized children and metagenomic sequencing was applied to detect the HAdV infections. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocystosis (HLH) related to HAdV infections was observed in some patients clinically and patients were divided into two groups based on this to test the differences among clinical indicators. Genome variation, in silico restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), and phylogenetic analyses were carried out to show the genome characterization of HAdV-7 in this study. It was found that many indicators, such as all blood routine indicators, in patients of the HLH group showed significant levels. In this study, REA revealed that HAdV-7 might belong to genome 7d and genome variation analysis displayed the stable genome of HAdV. HAdV-7 is an ongoing threat to the public, and global surveillance should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiqi Huang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Du
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hebin Chen
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Kayesh MEH, Sanada T, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Tree Shrew as an Emerging Small Animal Model for Human Viral Infection: A Recent Overview. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081641. [PMID: 34452505 PMCID: PMC8402676 DOI: 10.3390/v13081641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is a global public health threat causing millions of deaths. A suitable small animal model is essential for viral pathogenesis and host response studies that could be used in antiviral and vaccine development. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri or Tupaia belangeri chinenesis), a squirrel-like non-primate small mammal in the Tupaiidae family, has been reported to be susceptible to important human viral pathogens, including hepatitis viruses (e.g., HBV, HCV), respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, human adenovirus B), arboviruses (Zika virus and dengue virus), and other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, etc.). The pathogenesis of these viruses is not fully understood due to the lack of an economically feasible suitable small animal model mimicking natural infection of human diseases. The tree shrew model significantly contributes towards a better understanding of the infection and pathogenesis of these important human pathogens, highlighting its potential to be used as a viable viral infection model of human viruses. Therefore, in this review, we summarize updates regarding human viral infection in the tree shrew model, which highlights the potential of the tree shrew to be utilized for human viral infection and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3589
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6
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Demey B, Brault C, Maizel J, Francois C. From Upper Respiratory Symptoms to Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Case Report of a Human Adenovirus Infection in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030340. [PMID: 33804012 PMCID: PMC8001405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus infection is rare in adult population, except for in immunocompromised individuals. Recipients of allogenic haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are reported at high risk for human adenovirus, which is often lethal when it evolves into the disseminated form. Despite existent guidelines, prevention, early diagnosis, and therapeutics remain challenging. Here, we report the case of a fatal evolution of human adenovirus respiratory infection and discuss the actual recommendations to prevent recurrence of this major issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Demey
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France;
- AGIR Research Unit, EA 4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Clément Brault
- Intensive Care Department, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (J.M.)
| | - Julien Maizel
- Intensive Care Department, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (J.M.)
| | - Catherine Francois
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France;
- AGIR Research Unit, EA 4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
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7
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Zhang HY, Xiao M, Yan F, Zhang MR, Zhang Y. Risk Factors for the Development of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children With Severe Adenovirus Pneumonia: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:654002. [PMID: 34660470 PMCID: PMC8517263 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.654002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate and analyze the relevant risk factors for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in children with severe adenovirus pneumonia (SAP). Methods: A retrospective study of children with SAP was performed in 30 cases developing HLH and 94 cases not developing HLH from December 2018 to August 2019. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors that were significantly associated with the development of HLH after the univariate analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to find out the cut-off value for the significant relevant factors. Results: Two factors were associated with the development of HLH, which were the length of fever (OR = 1.331, 95%CI: 1.002-1.769) and triglycerides (TG) (OR = 17.345, 95%CI: 1.358-221.538). The cut-off value of the length of fever was 12.5 days, and the cut-off value of TG was 3.02 mmol/L. Conclusion: Children with SAP who had a duration of fever over 12.5 days and the TG level over 3.02 mmol/L are more likely to develop HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Department, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Otto WR, Behrens EM, Teachey DT, Lamson DM, Barrett DM, Bassiri H, Lambert MP, Mount S, Petrosa WL, Romberg N, Sullivan KE, Topjian AA, Fisher BT, Kajon AE. Human Adenovirus 7-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis-Like Illness: Clinical and Virological Characteristics in a Cluster of Five Pediatric Cases. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e1532-e1538. [PMID: 32866230 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening condition of immune dysregulation. Children often suffer from primary genetic forms of HLH, which can be triggered by infection. Others suffer from secondary HLH as a complication of infection, malignancy, or rheumatologic disease. Identifying the exact cause of HLH is crucial, as definitive treatment for primary disease is hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Adenoviruses have been associated with HLH but molecular epidemiology data are lacking. METHODS We describe the clinical and virologic characteristics of 5 children admitted with adenovirus infection during 2018-2019 who developed HLH or HLH-like illness. Detailed virologic studies, including virus isolation and comprehensive molecular typing were performed. RESULTS All patients recovered; clinical management varied but included immunomodulating and antiviral therapies. A genetic predisposition for HLH was not identified in any patient. Adenovirus isolates were recovered from 4/5 cases; all were identified as genomic variant 7d. Adenovirus type 7 DNA was detected in the fifth case. Phylogenetic analysis of genome sequences identified two clusters - one related to strains implicated in 2016-2017 outbreaks in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the other related to a 2009 Chinese strain. CONCLUSIONS It can be challenging to determine whether HLH is the result of an infectious pathogen alone or genetic predisposition triggered by an infection. We describe 5 children from the same center presenting with an HLH-like illness after onset of adenovirus type 7 infection. None of the patients were found to have a genetic predisposition to HLH. These findings suggest that adenovirus 7 infection alone can result in HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Otto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daryl M Lamson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, New York, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle P Lambert
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzanne Mount
- Infectious Disease Diagnostics Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Whitney L Petrosa
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil Romberg
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis A Topjian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian T Fisher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Immune Dysregulation Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Zou L, Yi L, Yu J, Song Y, Liang L, Guo Q, Zhuang X, Zhang Y, Kang M, Wu J. Adenovirus infection in children hospitalized with pneumonia in Guangzhou, China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:27-33. [PMID: 32761743 PMCID: PMC7767961 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HAdV infection can cause a variety of diseases. Although infections with HAdVs often are mild, life‐threatening respiratory disease can occur. Pneumonia is one of the more serious types of HAdV‐induced respiratory disease in children. In this study, we determined the prevalence and genotype of HAdVs among children hospitalized with pneumonia in Guangzhou, China. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs) were collected from children hospitalized with pneumonia in Guangzhou, China, from January 2013 to June 2019. HAdVs were detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay, and hexon, fiber, and penton gene were amplified and used for phylogenetic analysis. Epidemiological data were analyzed using SPSS16.0 software. Results and Conclusions A total of 1778 children hospitalized with pneumonia were enrolled. The overall HAdV detection rate was 3.26%. And the yearly detection rate varied from around 2.5% in 2013‐2017 to around 6% in 2018‐2019. Children >5 years had the highest HAdV infection rate. 92.86% of HAdV sequences obtained in this study were belonged to species B, and no recombination was observed. HAdV‐B7 and HAdV‐B3 were the common types detected in the study period, with the predominant HAdV genotype shifted from HAdV‐B3 in 2015‐2016 to HAdV‐B7 in 2017‐2018. The discrepancies in HAdV detection rates in different study period and changes of HAdV predominant types over time highlighted the importance of continued surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinchao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianfang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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