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Capelli C, Cuofano C, Pavoni C, Frigerio S, Lisini D, Nava S, Quaroni M, Colombo V, Galli F, Bezukladova S, Panina-Bordignon P, Gaipa G, Comoli P, Cossu G, Martino G, Biondi A, Introna M, Golay J. Potency assays and biomarkers for cell-based advanced therapy medicinal products. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186224. [PMID: 37359560 PMCID: PMC10288881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) based on somatic cells expanded in vitro, with or without genetic modification, is a rapidly growing area of drug development, even more so following the marketing approval of several such products. ATMPs are produced according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in authorized laboratories. Potency assays are a fundamental aspect of the quality control of the end cell products and ideally could become useful biomarkers of efficacy in vivo. Here we summarize the state of the art with regard to potency assays used for the assessment of the quality of the major ATMPs used clinic settings. We also review the data available on biomarkers that may substitute more complex functional potency tests and predict the efficacy in vivo of these cell-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Capelli
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Carolina Cuofano
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavoni
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Simona Frigerio
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Lisini
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Nava
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Quaroni
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy Stefano Verri, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Colombo
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy Stefano Verri, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Bezukladova
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy Stefano Verri, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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Chian CF, Wang CY, Peng CK. Cellular immunotherapy with immune killer cells for treating a lung cancer patient with liver metastasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jmedsci.jmedsci_384_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Xiong A, Wang J, Zhou C. Immunotherapy in the First-Line Treatment of NSCLC: Current Status and Future Directions in China. Front Oncol 2021; 11:757993. [PMID: 34900707 PMCID: PMC8654727 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.757993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer causes significant morbidity and mortality in China and worldwide. In China, lung cancer accounts for nearly one-fourth of all cancer deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the predominant type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 80%–85% of all lung cancer cases. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is revolutionizing the treatment of NSCLC. Immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, can suppress immune responses by delivering negative signals to T cells. By interfering with these immunosuppressive axes, ICIs unleash antitumor immune responses, ultimately eliminating cancer cells. ICIs have demonstrated promising antitumor efficacy in NSCLC, and mounting evidence supports the use of ICIs in treatment-naïve patients with advanced NSCLC. A comprehensive overview of current and emerging ICIs for the first-line treatment of NSCLC in China will facilitate a better understanding of NSCLC immunotherapy using ICIs and optimize the clinical use of ICIs in previously untreated Chinese patients with NSCLC. Herein, we review the efficacy and safety of currently approved and investigational ICIs as the first-line treatment of NSCLC in China. We also discuss the challenges limiting more widespread use of ICIs and future directions in the first-line treatment of NSCLC using ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Xiong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Medical Research Lab (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yu W, Ye F, Yuan X, Ma Y, Mao C, Li X, Li J, Dai C, Qian F, Li J, Fan X, Zhou Y, Wang D, Guo Z, An H, Zhang M, Chen D, Xia S. A phase I/II clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of NKT cells combined with gefitinib for advanced EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:877. [PMID: 34332557 PMCID: PMC8325186 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib, have achieved good efficacy in EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but eventual drug resistance is inevitable. Thus, new TKI-based combination therapies should be urgently explored to extend the overall survival time of these patients. CD8 + CD56+ natural killer T (NKT) cells are a natural and unique subset of lymphocytes in humans that present characteristics of T and NK cells and exert cytotoxicity on tumour cells in a granzyme B-dependent manner. The aim of this trial was to explore the efficacy and safety of CD8 + CD56+ NKT cell immunotherapy combined with gefitinib in patients with advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Methods The study was designed as a prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label, phase I/II trial that includes 30 patients with EGFR mutation-positive stage III/IV NSCLC. All patients will be randomized in blocks at a 1:1 ratio and treated with gefitinib 250 mg/day monotherapy or combination therapy with allogeneic CD8 + CD56+ NKT cell infusions twice per month for 12 cycles or until disease progression occurs. The effectiveness of this treatment will be evaluated based on by progression-free survival (PFS), the time to progression (TTP), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and overall survival (OS). The safety of the trail is being assessed based on adverse events (AEs). Recruitment and data collection, which started in December 2017, are ongoing. Discussion Although immunotherapy, including programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy, has been used for NSCLC treatment with or without EGFR-TKIs, its clear efficacy still has not been shown. Assessing the safety and therapeutic potential of allogeneic CD8 + CD56+ NKT killer cells in combination with EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC will be of great interest. Trial registration This trial (Phase I/II Trails of NKT Cell in Combination With Gefitinib For Non Small Cell Lung Cancer) was registered on 21 November 2017 with www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR-IIR-17013471. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08590-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yali Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fenhong Qian
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junrong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Fan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhenhong Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huazhang An
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Deyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Xiao Z, Jiang Y, Chen XF, Wang CQ, Xu WH, Liu Y, Hu SS, Huang XR, Shan LJ, Tang YH, Yang YB, Feng JH, Xiao X, Li XF. The Hepatorenal Toxicity and Tumor Response of Chemotherapy With or Without Aidi Injection in Advanced Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 80 Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Ther 2020; 42:515-543.e31. [PMID: 32088021 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy-induced hepatorenal toxicity often decreases tolerance for further therapies and results in poor quality of life and prognosis for patients with lung cancer. In this meta-analysis, all related studies were systematically re-evaluated to determine whether Aidi injection relieves hepatorenal toxicity and improves tumor response, and to determine its threshold and the optimal treatment regimen for obtaining the desired responses. METHODS All studies regarding Aidi injection with chemotherapy were gathered from Chinese and English databases (from inception until January 2019). Their bias risk was evaluated and the data were synthesized using meta-analysis; the quality of evidence of all outcomes was rated by using the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. FINDINGS Eighty randomized controlled trials containing 6279 patients were included in the study. Most of the trials showed unclear risk of bias. Aidi injection with chemotherapy increased the objective response rate (risk ratio [RR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.25-1.40) and the disease control rate (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.12-1.17) and resulted in a lower incidence of hepatotoxicity (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.55-0.69) and nephrotoxicity (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.53-0.72) than that of chemotherapy alone. Subgroup analyses showed that treatment with 50 mL per time, 10 to 14 days per cycle, and 2 to 3 cycles of Aidi injection with chemotherapy resulted in a low incidence of hepatorenal toxicity. All of the results were robust, and their quality was moderate. IMPLICATIONS The moderate evidence indicates that Aidi injection with chemotherapy may improve tumor response and result in a low incidence of hepatorenal toxicity in patients with lung cancer. Aidi injection may relieve hepatorenal toxicity and exhibit an important protective effect against chemotherapy-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Based on the subgroup analysis results, Aidi injection seems to lower the threshold for chemotherapy. Treatment with 50 mL per time, 10 to 14 days per cycle, and 2 to 3 cycles may be the optimal usage for attaining a decrease in hepatorenal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiao
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; Evidence-Based Medicine Center, MOE Virtual Research Center of Evidence-based Medicine at Zunyi Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Chen
- Evidence-Based Medicine Research Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cheng-Qiong Wang
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; Evidence-Based Medicine Center, MOE Virtual Research Center of Evidence-based Medicine at Zunyi Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei-Hong Xu
- Grade 2017 Students, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Grade 2017 Students, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Huang
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Li-Jing Shan
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Tang
- School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Yang
- Department of Nephropathy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Ji-Hong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Lishui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; Evidence-Based Medicine Center, MOE Virtual Research Center of Evidence-based Medicine at Zunyi Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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CIK cell cytotoxicity is a predictive biomarker for CIK cell immunotherapy in postoperative patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:825-834. [PMID: 32060687 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy has shown potential in improving the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after curative resection. However, whether an individual could obtain survival benefit from CIK cell treatment remains unknown. In the present study, we focused on the characteristics of CIK cells and aimed to identify the best predictive biomarker for adjuvant CIK cell treatment in patients with HCC after surgery. This study included 48 patients with HCC treated with postoperative adjuvant CIK cell immunotherapy. The phenotype activity and cytotoxic activity of CIK cells were determined by flow cytometry and xCELLigence™ Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) system, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the cytotoxic activity of CIK cells was significantly negative correlated with the percentage of CD3+ CD4+ cell subsets, but significantly positive correlated with CD3-CD56+ and CD3+ CD56+ cell subsets. Survival analysis showed that there were no significant associations between patients' prognosis and the phenotype of CIK cells. By contrast, there was statistically significant improvement in recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with high cytotoxic activity of CIK cells as compared with those with low cytotoxic activity of CIK cells. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that CIK cell cytotoxicity was an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS. In conclusion, a high cytotoxic activity of CIK cells can serve as a valuable biomarker for adjuvant CIK cell immunotherapy of HCC patients after surgery.
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Chen H, Yang J, Hao J, Lv Y, Chen L, Lin Q, Yuan J, Yang X. A Novel Flavonoid Kushenol Z from Sophora flavescens Mediates mTOR Pathway by Inhibiting Phosphodiesterase and Akt Activity to Induce Apoptosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244425. [PMID: 31817093 PMCID: PMC6943755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of Sophora flavescens (SF) are clinically used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various lung diseases. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which SF inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. A new compound, kushenol Z (KZ), and 14 known flavonoids were isolated from SF. KZ, sophoraflavanone G, and kushenol A demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against NSCLC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; KZ showed a wide therapeutic window. We also found that KZ induced NSCLC cell apoptosis by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and by activating caspase-3 and caspase-9 leading to mitochondrial apoptosis, and upregulated CHOP and activatedcaspase-7 and caspase-12, which triggered the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. After KZ treatment, we observed cAMP accumulation, which reflected the inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE), along with the increase in PKA activity; additionally, phospho-p70 S6 kinase was downregulated. KZ also attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and PRAS40, which was partially rescued by an Akt activator. This suggested that KZ mediated the antiproliferative activity in NSCLC cells by inhibiting the mTOR pathway through the inhibition of cAMP-PDE and Akt. These findings suggested that KZ may be used as a promising cAMP-PDE and Akt inhibitor in targeted chemotherapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Ji Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yibing Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Lu Chen
- Guangxi Institute of Medicinal Plant, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Qinxiong Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jingquan Yuan
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (X.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-771-394-6492 (J.Y.); +86-27-6784-1196 (X.Y.)
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (X.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-771-394-6492 (J.Y.); +86-27-6784-1196 (X.Y.)
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