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Ghirotto VM. Unmasking a master of camouflage: The rich morphology, taxonomy, and biology of the Brazilian stick insect Canuleius similis (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae), with general considerations on phasmid genitalia. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chiquetto-Machado PI, Cancello EM. Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The internal male genitalia have been poorly investigated in Phasmatodea, remaining virtually unexplored in phylogenetic studies. Here we describe and illustrate the main phallic elements in several Neotropical stick insects, with emphasis on Paraphasma (Pseudophasmatidae), and present a phylogenetic analysis of this genus. The analysis included ten terminals in the ingroup and 18 in the outgroup, and was based on 32 characters of the phallic organ and 48 of external morphology. In order to compare these datasets in terms of phylogenetic signal and level of homoplasy, the consistency and retention indices of the cladogram were calculated separately for each of them, and partial analyses were also conducted using each dataset alone. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed Paraphasma as polyphyletic and led us to propose a new, monotypic genus, Ecuadoriphasma gen. nov., three new combinations (Ecuadoriphasma cognatum, Paraphasma trianguliferum and Tithonophasma cancellatum) and place Oestrophora as a synonym of Paraphasma. Additionally, Olcyphides hopii and Paraphasma dentatum are synonymized with Paraphasma laterale. Both external and phallic characters were determinant for the topology obtained, and the latter were less homoplastic in the phylogenetic tree. Our results highlight the usefulness of phallic morphology for inferring phylogenetic relationships in Phasmatodea, especially among closely related genera and species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliana M Cancello
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Heleodoro RA, Rafael JA. Review of the genus Dinelytron Gray (Prisopodidae: Prisopodinae: Prisopodini), with a phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the Prisopodini, including the description of a new genus. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yang H, Yin X, Lin X, Wang C, Shih C, Zhang W, Ren D, Gao T. Cretaceous winged stick insects clarify the early evolution of Phasmatodea. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191085. [PMID: 31431164 PMCID: PMC6732380 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wingless and shorter winged stick insects are very common today, but most known extinct stick insects had fully developed wings, leading to contentious affinities among the extinct winged and extant groups. We report herein three male winged stick insects, assigned to Pterophasmatidae fam. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber. Pterophasmatidae fam. nov. are regarded as transitional taxa from extinct winged to modern wingless and shorter winged stick insects based on their similar tegmina venation with extinct Susumanioidea and some body features the same as extant Phasmatodea. However, their symmetric phallic organs comprising two consistent phallomeres are different from those of all living groups. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the extinct winged taxa, including the new family, are the stem groups of modern stick and leaf insects, and all of them constitute the clade of Phasmatodea. New findings indicate winged and wingless stick insects' morphologies diversified significantly during or before the mid-Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangchu Yin
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23, Xinning Road, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Health Administration and Education, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- PO Box 4680, Chongqing 400015, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
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Is the Phasmatodea male genitalia useful for systematics? A case study in Creoxylus and Prexaspes (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boudinot BE. A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:563-613. [PMID: 30419291 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
No consensus exists for the homology and terminology of the male genitalia of the Hexapoda despite over a century of debate. Based on dissections and the literature, genital skeletomusculature was compared across the Hexapoda and contrasted with the Remipedia, the closest pancrustacean outgroup. The pattern of origin and insertion for extrinsic and intrinsic genitalic musculature was found to be consistent among the Ectognatha, Protura, and the Remipedia, allowing for the inference of homologies given recent phylogenomic studies. The penis of the Hexapoda is inferred to be derived from medially-fused primary gonopods (gonopore-bearing limbs), while the genitalia of the Ectognatha are inferred to include both the tenth-segmental penis and the ninth-segmental secondary gonopods, similar to the genitalia of female insects which comprise gonopods of the eighth and ninth segments. A new nomenclatural system for hexapodan genitalic musculature is presented and applied, and a general list of anatomical concepts is provided. Novel and refined homologies are proposed for all hexapodan orders, and a series of groundplans are postulated. Emphasis is placed on the Endopterygota, for which fine-grained transition series are hypothesized given observed skeletomuscular correspondences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon E Boudinot
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass KD, Olivier Béthoux, Svenson GJ. Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). Zookeys 2017; 696:1-100. [PMID: 29200926 PMCID: PMC5673847 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.696.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive review of historical morphological nomenclature used for praying mantis (Mantodea) morphology, which includes citations, original use, and assignment of homology. All referenced structures across historical works correspond to a proposed standard term for use in all subsequent works pertaining to praying mantis morphology and systematics. The new standards are presented with a verbal description in a glossary as well as indicated on illustrations and images. In the vast majority of cases, originally used terms were adopted as the new standard. In addition, historical morphological topographical homology conjectures are considered with discussion on modern interpretations. A new standardized formulation to present foreleg femoral and tibial spines is proposed for clarity based on previous works. In addition, descriptions for methods of collection, curation, genital complex dissection, and labeling are provided to aid in the proper preservation and storage of specimens for longevity and ease of study. Due to the lack of consistent linear morphometric measurement practices in the literature, we have proposed a series of measurements for taxonomic and morphological research. These measurements are presented with figures to provide visual aids with homologous landmarks to ensure compatibility and comparability across the Order. Finally, our proposed method of pinning mantises is presented with a photographical example as well as a video tutorial available at http://mantodearesearch.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney K. Brannoch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Wieland
- Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde - POLLICHIA-Museum, Hermann-Schäfer-Str. 17, 67098 Bad Dürkheim, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Dieter Klass
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- Centre de Recherche sur la Paleobiodiversite et les Paleoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universites, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris6, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 38, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gavin J. Svenson
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Heleodoro RA, Andreazze R, Rafael JA. Redescription of Malacomorpha cancellata (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae): a geographically misplaced Neotropical species. ZOOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.34.e20476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cui Y, Béthoux O, Klass KD, Ren D. The Jurassic Bajanzhargalanidae (Insecta: Grylloblattida?): New genera and species, and data on postabdominal morphology. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:688-716. [PMID: 25979677 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The presumed phylogenetic link between extant ice-crawlers (Grylloblattidae = 'crown-Grylloblattida') and fossil species of the taxon concept Grylloblattida sensu Storozhenko (2002) is essentially based on postabdominal morphology. However, the fossil data are limited, and the interpretation is open to debate. Here we investigate a sample of a poorly known fossil 'grylloblattidan' family, the Bajanzhargalanidae, collected from the Daohugou locality (Middle Jurassic, China). We describe Sinonele fangi gen. nov., sp. nov., Sinonele hei gen. nov., sp. nov., Sinonele phasmoides gen. nov., sp. nov., and Sinonele mini gen. nov., sp. nov. Thanks to the abundance and exceptional preservation of the material, we could document wing venation intra-specific variability, provide cues to identify male and female individuals, describe and tentatively interpret various body structures of both sexes, and discuss them with a broad pterygotan phylogenetic perspective. The Bajanzhargalanidae exhibit a puzzling combination of postabdominal characters leaving us inconclusive on their affinities, or lack thereof, with crown-Grylloblattida. Our contribution suggests that a substantial effort will be needed to further investigate postabdominal structures from comparatively ancient fossil insects preserved as rock imprints, because of their broad morphological disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cui
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 10048 Beijing, China; Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Institute of Geology, Department of Palaeontology, Bernhard-von-Cotta Str. 2, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universités - MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris6 - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Dieter Klass
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, 10048 Beijing, China.
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External macro- and micromorphology of the male of the stick insect Hermarchus leytensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) with phylogenetic considerations. C R Biol 2014; 337:258-68. [PMID: 24702895 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
External morphological features of adult males are described in the stick insect Hermarchus leytensis from the Philippines, a species belonging to the little-known euphasmatodean lineage Stephanacridini. Mouthparts are characterized by some likely specialized features: (1) a dentate dorsal cutting edge on the mandibles; (2) distinct differences in size and shape between the galeae; (3) absence of an apical field of trichomes on the galeae; and (4) lacinial setae not protruding from the mesal margin, which features three bearing-like protuberances. The latter character state represents a very unusual condition, not known in other phasmatodeans or even in polyneopteran insects. A distinctive characteristic of attachment devices is that each euplantula is divided into two separated pads with a smooth microstructure, as it also occurs in some members of the clade Schizodecema. Male terminalia exhibit character states previously unknown in Stephanacridini, including (1) a symmetrical type of vomer and (2) claspers equipped with ∼ 70 very minute ventral teeth on each thorn pad. Potential implications for the systematic placement of H. leytensis are discussed. The results also underline the importance of microanatomical investigations as source of substantial characters for future analyses on phasmatodean systematics.
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