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Tomanović Ž, Kavallieratos NG, Ye Z, Nika EP, Petrović A, Vollhardt IMG, Vorburger C. Cereal Aphid Parasitoids in Europe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae): Taxonomy, Biodiversity, and Ecology. INSECTS 2022; 13:1142. [PMID: 36555052 PMCID: PMC9785021 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are very common and widespread crops in Europe. Aphids are a diverse group of herbivorous pests on cereals and one of the most important limiting factors of cereal production. Here, we present an overview of knowledge about the taxonomy, biodiversity, and ecology of cereal aphid parasitoids in Europe, an important group of natural enemies contributing to cereal aphid control. We review the knowledge obtained from the integrative taxonomy of 26 cereal aphid primary parasitoid species, including two allochthonous species (Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Trioxys sunnysidensis) and two recently described species (Lipolexis labialis and Paralipsis brachycaudi). We further review 28 hyperparasitoid species belonging to three hymenopteran superfamilies and four families (Ceraphronoidea: Megaspillidae; Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae; Cynipoidea: Figitidae). We also compile knowledge on the presence of secondary endosymbionts in cereal aphids, as these are expected to influence the community composition and biocontrol efficiency of cereal aphid parasitoids. To study aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs more effectively, we present two kinds of DNA-based approach: (i) diagnostic PCR (mainly multiplex PCR), and (ii) DNA sequence-based methods. Finally, we also review the effects of landscape complexity on the different trophic levels in the food webs of cereal aphids and their associated parasitoids, as well as the impacts of agricultural practices and environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Tomanović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Zhengpei Ye
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Erifili P. Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Andjeljko Petrović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ines M. G. Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Science, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Sizing the Knowledge Gap in Taxonomy: The Last Dozen Years of Aphidiinae Research. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020170. [PMID: 35206743 PMCID: PMC8874855 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Taxonomy is a biological discipline with the task to identify, name, and describe organisms, and as such, it provides necessary data for all other biological disciplines. The biodiversity crisis through which we are living draws attention to the crucial role of taxonomy in biology today. At the same time, the scientific community, as well as society in general, has become more aware of the difficulties associated with taxonomy, such as gaps in taxonomic knowledge, a lack of taxonomic infrastructure, and an insufficient number of taxonomic experts (“taxonomic impediment”). With this study, we tried to size this knowledge gap by analyzing the taxonomical studies on Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) conducted from 2010 to 2021. Aphidiinae are endoparasitoids of aphids; a single specimen completes its development inside the living aphid host, which are used in biological control programs. Here, we summarize the knowledge gathered over the last dozen years and discuss it in a general context. Abstract Taxonomic impediment is one of the main roadblocks to managing the current biodiversity crisis. Insect taxonomy is the biggest contributor to the taxonomic impediment, both in terms of the knowledge gap and the lack of experts. With this study, we tried to size the knowledge gap by analyzing taxonomical studies on the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) conducted from 2010 to 2021. All available taxonomic knowledge gathered in this period is critically summarized: newly described species, detection of alien species, published identification keys, etc. All findings are discussed relative to the current state of general taxonomy. Future prospects for taxonomy are also discussed.
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Lashkari M, Burckhardt D, Shamsi Gushki R. Molecular and morphometric identification of pistachio psyllids with niche modeling of Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:259-269. [PMID: 31559946 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Species of Agonoscena (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) are key pests of pistachio in all of the most important pistachio producing countries in the Old World. The efficiency and accuracy of DNA barcoding for the identification of Agonoscena species were tested using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCO1) and cytochrome b (cytb) gene sequences. Moreover, morphometric sexual dimorphism was studied. Finally, the potential geographical distribution of Agonoscena pistaciae, the most important pistachio pest, was calculated using the MaxEnt model. Similar relationships of clustering were found in the morphometric analysis and the molecular analyses with mtCO1 and cytb genes, with A. bimaculata and A. pistaciae being closely related, and A. pegani constituting their sister group. Although the results showed that the cytb gene is a better marker for barcoding in this group, the mtCO1 gene clearly separates the three psyllid species making mtCO1 suitable for diagnostic purposes. A geometric morphometric analysis showed that the distance between landmark number 7 (bifurcation of vein M) to the fore margin of the forewing, and the distance between landmarks number 6 (apex of vein Cu1b) and 11 (wing base), are the most important geometric characters for diagnosing the studied species. Moreover, the forewing shape of males vs females is similar in A. pistaciae and A. bimaculata but differs significantly in A. pegani. In the ecological niche modeling of the distribution of A. pistaciae, the most important contribution was made by the variable 'minimum temperature of coldest period'. The most suitable areas for A. pistaciae are restricted to Eastern, Southern and some parts of Central Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Lashkari
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Roghayeh Shamsi Gushki
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Lazarević M, Stanković SS, Petrović A, Ilić Milošević M, Tomanović Ž, Ivanović A, Žikić V. Comparative morphometric analysis of petioles and forewings of the European Binodoxys Mackauer species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gushki RS, Lashkari M, Mirzaei S. Identification, sexual dimorphism, and allometric effects of three psyllid species of the genus Psyllopsis by geometric morphometric analysis (Hemiptera, Liviidae). Zookeys 2018:57-73. [PMID: 29674872 PMCID: PMC5904406 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.737.11560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are considered important vectors of plant diseases and also economically important pests in agriculture and forest ecosystems. Three psyllid species Psyllopsisrepens Loginova, 1963, Psyllopsissecuricola Loginova, 1963, and Psyllopsismachinosus Loginova, 1963 associated with the ash tree Fraxinus are morphologically very similar. So far, their distinction has been possible only by comparing their male and female genitalia. In this research, forewing shape and size characteristics, sexual dimorphism and their allometric effects, using geometric morphometric analysis, were examined for identification purposes. The results showed significant differences in wing shape and size between the species studied. Based on the results, two species P. machinosus and P.securicola can be differentiated with the vein M1+2, as in P.securicola the vein M1+2 is located between Rs and M3+4 veins, but the vein M1+2 is closer to the vein M3+4 in P.machinosus; also, P.repens can be differentiated from the two species P.machinosus and P.securicola by vein M. Hence, the veins M1+2, M3+4, Rs and M were the most important wing characters for discrimination of the three species, especially in the field. The analysis also showed significant differences in wing shape and size between male and female of the three species, and the allometric analysis showed that significant shape differences still remain in constant size in P. machinosus and P.repens. Geometric changes in the forewings of both sexes for the three species are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Shamsi Gushki
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Lashkari
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Mirzaei
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Postal Code: 7631133131, P.O.Box : 76315-117, Iran
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Ye Z, Vollhardt IMG, Tomanovic Z, Traugott M. Evaluation of three molecular markers for identification of European primary parasitoids of cereal aphids and their hyperparasitoids. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177376. [PMID: 28562603 PMCID: PMC5451020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are major pests of cereal crops and a suite of hymenopteran primary parasitoids play an important role in regulating their populations. However, hyperparasitoids may disrupt the biocontrol services provided by primary parasitoids. As such, understanding cereal aphid-primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid interactions is vital for a reliable parasitoid-based control of cereal aphids. For this, the ability to identify the different primary and hyperparasitoid species is necessary. Unfortunately, this is often difficult due to a lack of morphologically diagnostic features. DNA sequence-based species identification of parasitoids can overcome these hurdles. However, comprehensive DNA sequence information is lacking for many of these groups, particularly for hyperparasitoids. Here we evaluate three genes [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S)] for their suitability to identify 24 species of primary parasitoids and 16 species of hyperparasitoids associated with European cereal aphids. To identify aphelinid primary parasitoid species and hyperparasitoids, we found 16S to be more suitable compared to COI sequences. In contrast, the Aphidiinae are best identified using COI due to better species-level resolution and a more comprehensive DNA sequence database compared to 16S. The 18S gene was better suited for group-specific identification of parasitoids, but did not provide resolution at the species level. Our results provide a DNA sequence database for cereal aphid primary parasitoids and their associated hyperparasitoids in Central Europe, which will allow further improvement of our understanding of cereal aphid-primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid interactions in relation to aphid biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpei Ye
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Ines M. G. Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zeljko Tomanovic
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Parreño MA, Ivanović A, Petrović A, Žikić V, Tomanović Ž, Vorburger C. Wing shape as a taxonomic trait: separating genetic variation from host-induced plasticity in aphid parasitoids. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Parreño
- EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Le Biophore 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ana Ivanović
- Institute of Zoology; Faculty of Biology; University of Belgrade; Studentski trg 16 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Andjeljko Petrović
- Institute of Zoology; Faculty of Biology; University of Belgrade; Studentski trg 16 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Vladimir Žikić
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics; University of Niš; Višegradska 33 18000 Niš Serbia
| | - Željko Tomanović
- Institute of Zoology; Faculty of Biology; University of Belgrade; Studentski trg 16 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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Marochi MZ, Trevisan A, Gomes FB, Masunari S. Dimorfismo sexual em Hepatus pudibundus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO Um estudo sobre o dimorfismo sexual no caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) foi realizado utilizando morfometria geométrica. A carapaça de 28 machos e 30 fêmeas e o própodo dos quelípodos direito e esquerdo de 22 machos e 26 fêmeas foram analisados. Foram estabelecidos 13 marcos anatômicos bidimensionais na carapaça e 10 no própodo para ambos os sexos. Uma Análise Generalizada de Procrustes baseada na configuração dos marcos anatômicos foi utilizada para separar os componentes de tamanho e de forma. Um Teste-t de Student foi utilizada para determinar a significância estatística do dimorfismo sexual da carapaça e do própodo dos quelípodos. A variação na forma das estruturas foi avaliada através de uma Análise de Função Discriminante. Houve dimorfismo sexual na forma e no tamanho das estruturas analisadas. Machos mostraram dimensões menores do que fêmeas. A carapaça das fêmeas foi mais larga na região posterior do que em machos, indicando uma ampliação da área para acomodação da massa de ovos. O dedo fixo do própodo dos quelípodos das fêmeas está mais voltado para a parte posterior e pode facilitar a limpeza dos ovos fixados na câmara abdominal. Nossos resultados trazem novas informações sobre o desenvolvimento de caracteres sexuais secundários e as suas consequências sobre a forma da carapaça e o própodo dos quelípodos em machos e fêmeas de H. pudibundus.
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Karanovic T, Djurakic M, Eberhard SM. Cryptic Species or Inadequate Taxonomy? Implementation of 2D Geometric Morphometrics Based on Integumental Organs as Landmarks for Delimitation and Description of Copepod Taxa. Syst Biol 2015; 65:304-27. [PMID: 26608965 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of cryptic species using molecular tools has become common in many animal groups but it is rarely accompanied by morphological revision, creating ongoing problems in taxonomy and conservation. In copepods, cryptic species have been discovered in most groups where fast-evolving molecular markers were employed. In this study at Yeelirrie in Western Australia we investigate a subterranean species complex belonging to the harpacticoid genus Schizopera Sars, 1905, using both the barcoding mitochondrial COI gene and landmark-based two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Integumental organs (sensilla and pores) are used as landmarks for the first time in any crustacean group. Complete congruence between DNA-based species delimitation and relative position of integumental organs in two independent morphological structures suggests the existence of three distinct evolutionary units. We describe two of them as new species, employing a condensed taxonomic format appropriate for cryptic species. We argue that many supposedly cryptic species might not be cryptic if researchers focus on analyzing morphological structures with multivariate tools that explicitly take into account geometry of the phenotype. A perceived supremacy of molecular methods in detecting cryptic species is in our view a consequence of disparity of investment and unexploited recent advancements in morphometrics among taxonomists. Our study shows that morphometric data alone could be used to find diagnostic morphological traits and gives hope to anyone studying small animals with a hard integument or shell, especially opening the door to assessing fossil diversity and rich museum collections. We expect that simultaneous use of molecular tools with geometry-oriented morphometrics may yield faster formal description of species. Decrypted species in this study are a good example for urgency of formal descriptions, as they display short-range endemism in small groundwater calcrete aquifers in a paleochannel, where their conservation may be threatened by proposed mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Karanovic
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;
| | - Marko Djurakic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Stefan M Eberhard
- Subterranean Ecology Pty Ltd, Coningham, Tasmania 7054, Australia; and Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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