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Microparticles in the Development and Improvement of Pharmaceutical Formulations: An Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065441. [PMID: 36982517 PMCID: PMC10049314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticulate systems such as microparticles, microspheres, microcapsules or any particle in a micrometer scale (usually of 1–1000 µm) are widely used as drug delivery systems, because they offer higher therapeutic and diagnostic performance compared to conventional drug delivery forms. These systems can be manufactured with many raw materials, especially polymers, most of which have been effective in improving the physicochemical properties and biological activities of active compounds. This review will focus on the in vivo and in vitro application in the last decade (2012 to 2022) of different active pharmaceutical ingredients microencapsulated in polymeric or lipid matrices, the main formulation factors (excipients and techniques) and mostly their biological activities, with the aim of introducing and discussing the potential applicability of microparticulate systems in the pharmaceutical field.
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Ruiz VH, Encinas-Basurto D, Sun B, Eedara BB, Dickinson SE, Wondrak GT, Chow HHS, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Mansour HM. Design, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Permeation of Innovative Resatorvid Topical Formulations for Targeted Skin Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040700. [PMID: 35456534 PMCID: PMC9026853 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies worldwide and affect more than 5 million people in the United States every year. NMSC is directly linked to the excessive exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) rays. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist, resatorvid (TAK-242), is a novel prototype chemo preventive agent that suppresses the production of inflammation mediators induced by UV exposure. This study aimed to design and develop TAK-242 into topical formulations using FDA-approved excipients, including DermaBaseTM, PENcreamTM, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400, propylene glycol (PG), carbomer gel, hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, and Pluronic® F-127 poloxamer triblock copolymer gel for the prevention of skin cancer. The physicochemical properties of raw TAK-242, which influence the compatibility and solubility in the selected base materials, were confirmed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), Raman spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The permeation behavior of TAK-242 from the prepared formulations was determined using Strat-M® transdermal diffusion membranes, and 3D cultured primary human-derived epidermal keratinocytes (EpiDermTM). Despite TAK-242′s high molecular weight and hydrophobicity, it can permeate through reconstructed human epidermis from all formulations. The findings, reported for the first time in this study, emphasize the capabilities of the topical application of TAK-242 via these multiple innovative topical drug delivery formulation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
| | - Basanth Babu Eedara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- Center for Translational Science, Florida Interational University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Sally E. Dickinson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
| | - H. -H. Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (S.E.D.); (H.-H.S.C.); (C.C.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (V.H.R.); (D.E.-B.); (B.S.); (B.B.E.); (G.T.W.)
- Center for Translational Science, Florida Interational University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-772-345-4731
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Stompor-Gorący M, Machaczka M. Recent Advances in Biological Activity, New Formulations and Prodrugs of Ferulic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312889. [PMID: 34884693 PMCID: PMC8657461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-ferulic acid (FA) is a derivative of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is found in many food products, fruits and beverages. It has scientifically proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. However, its low ability to permeate through biological barriers (e.g., the blood-brain barrier, BBB), its low bioavailability and its fast elimination from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration limit its clinical use, e.g., for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, new nanotechnological approaches are developed in order to regulate intracellular transport of ferulic acid. The objective of this review is to summarize the last decade's research on biological properties of ferulic acid and innovative ways of its delivery, supporting pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stompor-Gorący
- Department of Human Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maciej Machaczka
- Department of Human Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Internal Medicine, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
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