Exosomes: A promising new strategy for treating osteoporosis in the future

Gene expression and hormonal signaling in osteoporosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical breakthroughs

Osteoporosis is well noted to be a universal ailment that realization impaired bone mass and micro architectural deterioration thus enhancing the probability of fracture. Despite its high incidence, its management remains highly demanding because of the multifactorial pathophysiology of the disease. This review highlights recent findings in the management of osteoporosis particularly, gene expression and hormonal control. Some of the newest approaches regarding the subject are described, including single-cell RNA sequencing and long non-coding RNAs. Also, the review reflects new findings on hormonal signaling and estrogen and parathyroid hormone; patient-specific approaches due to genetic and hormonal variation. Potential new biomarkers and AI comprised as factors for improving the ability to anticipate and manage fractures. These hold great potential of new drugs, combination therapies and gene based therapies for osteoporosis in the future. Further studies and cooperation of scientists and clinicians will help to apply such novelties into practical uses in the sphere of medicine in order to enhance the treatment of patients with osteoporosis.

Exosomes as targeted diagnostic biomarkers: Recent studies and trends

Different categories of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are identified based on their origin and formation processes. Among these, exosomes (EXOs) originate from endosomal compartments merging with the plasma membrane, forming small lipid vesicles that transport a range of molecular cargo such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The composition of EXOs varies depending on their cellular source, encompassing various cell types, including neutrophils, dendritic cells, and even tumor cells. Remarkably, EXOs possess inherent stability, low immunogenicity, and compatibility, making them efficient nano vectors for drug delivery. Imaging techniques like bioluminescence, fluorescence, and nuclear imaging are crucial in non-invasively tracking EXOs within living organisms. This process requires the attachment of radionuclides to the EXO's structure without altering its essential characteristics. Real-time imaging of EXOs is vital for their clinical application, and recent advancements in labeling and tracking methodologies provide insights into biodistribution, functionality, and potential pathways for EXO-mediated drug delivery. This review presents updated progress in the diverse applications of EXOs in targeted imaging across various modalities, where they function as contrast agents facilitating tissue visualization and disease tracking. Consequently, EXOs emerge as promising entities in medical diagnostics and imaging.