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Dohan Z, Friedlander LT, Cooper PR, Li KC, Ratnayake JT, Mei ML. In Vitro Models Used in the Formation of Root Caries Lesions-A Review of the Literature. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:269. [PMID: 38132407 PMCID: PMC10743092 DOI: 10.3390/dj11120269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of root caries remains a challenge for clinicians due to its unique anatomical location and structure. There is increasing interest in utilising artificial root caries lesions to develop new strategies for remineralisation. An ideal protocol has not yet been agreed upon. The aim of this review is to provide a structured overview of previously reported in vitro root caries models. The literature was screened and mined for information mainly on substrate selection, model systems utilised, and variables used in the models. Human roots (60%) were the most frequently used substrates, followed by bovine roots (40%). Chemical models (69%) were the most frequently utilised model systems, followed by microbiological models (27%), to form root caries lesions. Acetate buffer solution (80%), pH 5.0 or above (40%), and a demineralisation time of five days (25%) were the common variables used in the chemical systems, while mono-species biofilm was most frequently used (73%) in microbiological models and Streptococcus mutans was the most common bacterial strain utilised in these models (80%). This review highlights the variability amongst the experimental approaches, discusses the advantages and limitations of these approaches, and emphasises that standardisation of experimental conditions along with sustained research will benefit root caries research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R. Cooper
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (Z.D.); (L.T.F.); (K.-C.L.); (J.T.R.)
| | | | | | - May L. Mei
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (Z.D.); (L.T.F.); (K.-C.L.); (J.T.R.)
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Adhami ZE, Erfanparast L, Molaei Z, Sadeghi J, Yazdanparas A. Effect of 20-ppm ozone and 1% chlorhexidine gels on plaque index and Streptococcus mutans counts in the dental plaque in 6-12-year-old children: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2023; 17:177-181. [PMID: 38023800 PMCID: PMC10676535 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2023.40461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the methods to control dental caries is to use ozone. Since it is difficult for children to use mouthwashes, the present study aimed to evaluate 20-ppm zone and 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gels' effects on the plaque index and Streptococcus mutans counts in 6-12-year-old children. Methods In the present double-blind clinical trial, 165 children, 6-12 years of age, referring to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to three groups: ozone gel, CHX gel, and control. The subjects were instructed to place an adequate amount of the gels on all the surfaces of their teeth with one clean finger. The patients and evaluators were blinded to the study groups. The plaque index and S. mutans counts in plaque samples were determined before intervention and three weeks after intervention on the buccal surface of the most posterior maxillary tooth (left or right). S. mutans counts were determined by culture. STATA software version 14 was used for statistical analyses using Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and post hoc Dum tests. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results The 20-ppm ozone and 1% CHX gels significantly decreased dental plaque compared to the control group (P<0.05), and their effects were similar (P>0.05). These gels significantly decreased the colonies and bacterial counts of S. mutans (P<0.05). Conclusion The performance of 20-ppm ozone gel in decreasing the dental plaque and S. mutans counts was similar to 1% CHX gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Ebrahim Adhami
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Erfanparast
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Molaei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azam Yazdanparas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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de Souza JLS, Alves T, Camerini L, Nedel F, Campos AD, Lund RG. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic capacity of pyroligneous extracts films of Eucalyptus grandis and chitosan for oral applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21531. [PMID: 34728647 PMCID: PMC8563853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan films containing distilled pyroligneous extracts of Eucalyptus grandis (DPEC), characterized and developed by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Temperate Agriculture (EMBRAPA-CPACT), were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus by direct contact test. Further, their capacity for the prevention of teeth enamel demineralization and cytotoxicity in vitro were also determined. The natural polymers were tested at different concentrations (1500-7500 µg mL-1) and the formulation of an experimental fluoride varnish with antimicrobial activity was evaluated by direct contact test, whereas cytotoxicity was analyzed through the colorimetric MTT assay. Preliminary data showed no statistically significant differences in cytotoxicity to NIH/3T3 cell line when DPEC is compared to the control group. On the other hand, the antimicrobial capacity and demineralization effects were found between the test groups at the different concentrations tested. Chitosan films containing distilled pyroligneous extracts of E. grandis may be an effective control strategy to prevent biofilm formation related to dental caries when applied as a protective varnish. They may inhibit the colonization of oral microorganisms and possibly control dental caries through a decrease in pH and impairment of enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Leitzke Santos de Souza
- Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Federal University of Pelotas, Eliseu Maciel Avenue, Building 31, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Tomaz Alves
- Graduate Program in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 385 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Laísa Camerini
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, 373 Gonçalves Chaves Street, Room 411C, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nedel
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, 373 Gonçalves Chaves Street, Room 411C, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
| | - Angela Diniz Campos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Temperate Climate, Highway BR-392, 78th km, 9th district, Monte Bonito, Pelotas, RS, 96010-971, Brazil
| | - Rafael Guerra Lund
- Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Pelotas Dental School, Federal University of Pelotas, 457 Gonçalves Chaves, Room 503, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil.
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Mei ML, Chu CH, Lo ECM, Samaranayake LP. Preventing root caries development under oral biofilm challenge in an artificial mouth. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e557-63. [PMID: 23524434 PMCID: PMC3731081 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the preventive effects of chlorhexidine against root caries under oral biofilm in an artificial mouth.
Study Design: Sixteen human tooth-root disks were inoculated with a salivary sample that was produced by mixing the unstimulated saliva of three adults who had no untreated caries. The disks were incubated in an artificial mouth fed with a 5% sucrose solution three times daily for one week. Eight disks received a twice daily rinse of 0.12% chlorhexidine (test group). The other eight disks were rinsed in distilled water (control). The biofilm was then studied with three techniques: colony forming unit (CFU) counting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The changes in the chemical structure of the root surface were studied using Fourier transform infra-Red spectroscopy. Type-I collagen and proteoglycans on the root surface were quantified using immunocytochemical staining.
Results: The log CFU for the test and control groups were 4.21 and 8.27, respectively (p<0.001). The CFU count of Streptococci and Lactobacilli were negligible. Both the SEM and the CLSM showed suppressed bacteria growth in the test group. The log [amide-I: HPO42-] of the test and control groups were 1.11 and 1.93, respectively (p=0.02). The mean counts of sound type-I collagen in the test and control groups were 16.8/?m2 and 13.0/?m2, respectively (p<0.001), whereas the mean counts of intact proteoglycans were 5.6/?m2 and 3.5/?m2, respectively (P<0.001).
Conclusions: Chlorhexidine suppressed the growth of selected cariogenic bacteria in oral biofilm on the root surface and thus protected tooth-root from cariogenic challenge.
Key words:Chlorhexidine, biofilm, caries risk, root, caries, artificial mouth, demineralization, streptococci, lactobacilli, proteoglycans, collagen I.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Chu CH, Mei L, Seneviratne CJ, Lo ECM. Effects of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesions induced by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii biofilms. Int J Paediatr Dent 2012; 22:2-10. [PMID: 21702854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2011.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been shown to be a successful treatment for arresting caries. However, the mechanism of SDF is to be elucidated. AIM. To characterize the effects of SDF on dentine carious induced by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii. DESIGN. Thirty-two artificially demineralized human dentine blocks were inoculated: 16 with S. mutans and 16 with A. naeslundii. Either SDF or water was applied to eight blocks in each group. Biofilm morphology, microbial kinetics and viability were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, colony forming units, and confocal microscopy. The crosssection of the dentine carious lesions were assessed by microhardness testing, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS. Biofilm counts were reduced in SDF group than control (P < 0.01). Surfaces of carious lesions were harder after SDF application than after water application (P < 0.05), in S. mutans group, Ca and P weight percentage after SDF application than after water application (P < 0.05). Lesions showed a significantly reduced level of matrix to phosphate after SDF treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION. Present study showed that SDF posses an anti-microbial activity against cariogenic biofilm of S. mutans or A. naeslundii formed on dentine surfaces. SDF slowed down demineralization of dentine. This dual activity could be the reason behind clinical success of SDF.
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Yip KHK, Smales RJ. Implications of oral biofilms in medically at risk persons. J Biomed Res 2012; 26:1-7. [PMID: 23554724 PMCID: PMC3596074 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(12)60001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is the need to understand the composition of oral biofilms so that appropriate preventive and treatment regimens, including using appropriate antimicrobials, can be developed further. Additionally, when the systemic effects from specific microorganisms in oral biofilms are better understood, more targeted preventive treatment options may be recommended for persons at high risk for potential systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, and for aspiration pneumonia. Hence, the possible association between periodontopathic microorganisms, and also between cariogenic microorganisms in high caries risk persons, and systemic diseases requires further research involving metagenomic and large well-designed clinical studies. Effective preventive oral care is important for reducing potential systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H.-K. Yip
- School of Dentistry, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Roger J. Smales
- College of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China;
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Knight GM, McIntyre JM, Craig GG, Mulyani, Zilm PS. The inability of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus to form a biofilm in vitro on dentine pretreated with ozone. Aust Dent J 2009; 53:349-53. [PMID: 19133951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of ozone therapy in the treatment of dental caries is equivocal. The aim of this study was to use an in vitro model to determine the effects of prior ozone application to dentine on biofilm formation and to measure any associated reduction in bacteria viability. METHODS Twenty dentine discs were bonded to the bases of 5 mL polycarbonate screw top vials. Ten dentine discs were infused with ozone for 40 seconds, 10 samples remained untreated as a control. The vials were filled with nutrient medium, sterilized and placed into the outflow from a continuous chemostat culture of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus for four weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment bacterial growth was monitored by taking optical density readings of the growth medium in each vial and the outer surface of the dentine specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy as shown by SEM analysis. RESULTS Ozone infusion prevented biofilm formation on all the treated samples while there was substantial biofilm present on the control specimens. While the average optical density of the control specimens was almost twice that of the ozone infused dentine (0.710 for the control with a SD of 0.288 and 0.446 for the ozonated samples with a SD of 0.371), the results were not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study has shown that the infusion of ozone into non-carious dentine prevented biofilm formation in vitro from S. mutans and L. acidophilus over a four-week period. The possibility exists that ozone treatment may alter the surface wettability of dentine through reaction with organic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Knight
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia.
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