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Carelli M, Zatochna I, Sandri A, Burlacchini G, Rosa A, Baccini F, Signoretto C. Effect of A Fluoride Toothpaste Containing Enzymes and Salivary Proteins on Periodontal Pathogens in Subjects with Black Stain: A Pilot Study. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:109-116. [PMID: 36870327 PMCID: PMC10959611 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black stain (BS) is an extrinsic dental discoloration particularly difficult to treat. Although its etiology is not fully clear yet, chromogenic bacteria inside the oral cavity seem to be involved. In this pilot study, we evaluated whether a toothpaste containing enzymes and salivary proteins could improve oral health and reduce the presence of periodontal pathogens in subjects predisposed to BS discoloration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six subjects were enrolled in the study: 10 subjects without BS; 16 subjects with BS, randomly assigned in two groups: test (n = 8) and control (n = 8). The test group used a toothpaste containing sodium fluoride, enzymes, and salivary proteins. The control group used a toothpaste with amine fluoride. At enrollment and after 14 weeks, participants were subjected to professional oral hygiene, evaluation of BS (through Shourie index) and oral health status, collection of saliva and dental plaque samples. The presence of periodontal pathogens in plaque and saliva of all subjects was investigated by molecular analysis (PCR). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The prevalence of investigated microbial species in patients with/without BS was performed by Chi-squared test. The variation in the prevalence of the investigated species after treatment in test and control group was analyzed by t-test. RESULTS Clinical evaluation showed that 86% of participants with BS had a reduction in the Shourie index, independently from the toothpaste used. In particular, a greater reduction in the Shourie index was observed in subjects using an electric toothbrush. We did not observe an effect of the fluoride toothpaste containing enzymes and salivary proteins on the composition of the oral microbiota of the test subjects in comparison with controls. When comparing all subjects with BS (n = 16) and without BS (n = 10), P. gingivalis detection was significantly higher in saliva samples collected from subjects with BS (p = 0.0129). CONCLUSION We verified that the use of an enzyme-containing toothpaste alone is not sufficient to prevent the formation of BS dental pigmentation in subjects predisposed to this discoloration. Mechanical cleaning, especially using electrical toothbrushes, seems to be useful to counteract BS formation. Moreover, our results suggest a possible association between BS and the presence of P. gingivalis at the salivary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Iuliia Zatochna
- Dental Hygiene Unit, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angela Sandri
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Burlacchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angelica Rosa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Baccini
- Dental Hygiene Unit, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Caterina Signoretto
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Huang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Yu D, Zhan Y, Liu Z. Emerging Health Risks of Crumb Rubber: Inhalation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals via Saliva During Artificial Turf Activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21005-21015. [PMID: 38048287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Crumb rubber (CR) is a commonly used infill material in artificial turf worldwide. However, the potential health risk associated with exposure to CR containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) remains under investigation. Herein, we observed the widespread presence of CR particles in the range of 2.8-51.4 μg/m3 and EPFRs exceeding 6 × 1015 spins/g in the ambient air surrounding artificial turf fields. Notably, the abundance of these particles tended to increase with the number of operating years of the playing fields. Furthermore, by analyzing saliva samples from 200 participants, we established for the first time that EPFR-carrying CR could be found in saliva specimens, suggesting the potential for inhaling them through the oral cavity and their exposure to the human body. After 40 min of exercise on the turf, we detected a substantial presence of EPFRs, reaching as high as (1.15 ± 1.00) × 1016 spins of EPFR per 10 mL of saliva. Moreover, the presence of EPFRs considerably increased the oxidative potential of CR, leading to the inactivation of Ca2+, redox reactions, and changes in spatial binding of the α-1,4-chain of salivary amylase to Ca2+, all of which could influence human saliva health. Our study provides insights into a new pathway of human exposure to CR with EPFRs in artificial turf infill, indicating an increased human health risk of CR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian'en Huang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
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Magacz M, Alatorre-Santamaría S, Kędziora K, Klasa K, Mamica P, Pepasińska W, Lebiecka M, Kościelniak D, Pamuła E, Krzyściak W. Modified Lactoperoxidase System as a Promising Anticaries Agent: In Vitro Studies on Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12136. [PMID: 37569513 PMCID: PMC10418824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lactoperoxidase (LPO) system shows promise in the prevention of dental caries, a common chronic disease. This system has antimicrobial properties and is part of the non-specific antimicrobial immune system. Understanding the efficacy of the LPO system in the fight against biofilms could provide information on alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of caries. In this study, the enzymatic system was modified using four different (pseudo)halide substrates (thiocyanate, thiocyanate-iodide mixture, selenocyanate, and iodide). The study evaluated the metabolic effects of applying such modifications to Streptococcus mutans; in particular: (1) biofilm formation, (2) synthesis of insoluble polysaccharides, (3) lactate synthesis, (4) glucose and sucrose consumption, (5) intracellular NAD+ and NADH concentrations, and (6) transmembrane glucose transport efficiency (PTS activity). The results showed that the LPO-iodide system had the strongest inhibitory effect on biofilm growth and lactate synthesis (complete inhibition). This was associated with an increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio and an inhibition of glucose PTS activity. The LPO-selenocyanate system showed a moderate inhibitory effect on biofilm biomass growth and lactate synthesis. The other systems showed relatively small inhibition of lactate synthesis and glucose PTS but no effect on the growth of biofilm biomass. This study provides a basis for further research on the use of alternative substrates with the LPO system, particularly the LPO-iodide system, in the prevention and control of biofilm-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magacz
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
- Doctoral School of Health and Medical Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, św. Łazarza 16, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sergio Alatorre-Santamaría
- Department of Biotechnology, Biological Science Division, Autonomous Metropolitan University, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Mexico City 09310, Mexico;
| | - Karolina Kędziora
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Kacper Klasa
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Paweł Mamica
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Wiktoria Pepasińska
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Magdalena Lebiecka
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Dorota Kościelniak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.); (K.K.); (P.M.); (W.P.); (M.L.)
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Enax J, Amaechi BT, Schulze zur Wiesche E, Meyer F. Overview on Adjunct Ingredients Used in Hydroxyapatite-Based Oral Care Products. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040250. [PMID: 36546950 PMCID: PMC9775056 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is a biomimetic active ingredient, which is used in commercial oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes worldwide. Clinical studies (in vivo) as well as in situ and in vitro studies have shown the preventive effects of hydroxyapatite in various field of oral care. In some products, hydroxyapatite is combined with other active ingredients, to achieve an additional antibacterial effect or to promote gum health. This review analyzes the efficacy of six selected natural and nature-inspired ingredients that are commonly used together with hydroxyapatite. These additional actives are either antibacterial (lactoferrin, xylitol, and zinc) or promote gum health (allantoin, bisabolol, and hyaluronic acid). A systematic literature search was performed, and all studies found on each ingredient were analyzed. In summary, all analyzed ingredients mentioned in this review are well described in scientific studies on their beneficial effect for oral health and can be used to expand the preventive effect of hydroxyapatite in oral care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34 36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Bennett T. Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Erik Schulze zur Wiesche
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34 36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Johanneswerkstr. 34 36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.E.); (F.M.)
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Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Rico G, Ruiz-Mazón L, Sicairos NL, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin: An Effective Weapon in the Battle Against Bacterial Infections. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3243-3260. [PMID: 36284379 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221025153216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains with respect to commercially available antimicrobial drugs has marked a watershed in treatment therapies to fight pathogens and has stimulated research on alternative remedies. Proteins of the innate immune system of mammals have been highlighted as potentially yielding possible treatment options for infections. Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of these proteins; interestingly, no resistance to it has been found. Lf is a conserved cationic nonheme glycoprotein that is abundant in milk and is also present in low quantities in mucosal secretions. Moreover, Lf is produced and secreted by the secondary granules of neutrophils at infection sites. Lf is a molecule of approximately 80 kDa that displays multiple functions, such as antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Lf can synergize with antibiotics, increasing its potency against bacteria. Lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides resulting from the N-terminal end of Lf by proteolytic cleavage with pepsin. They exhibit several anti-bacterial effects similar to those of the parental glycoprotein. Synthetic analog peptides exhibiting potent antimicrobial properties have been designed. The aim of this review is to update understanding of the structure and effects of Lf and Lfcins as anti-bacterial compounds, focusing on the mechanisms of action in bacteria and the use of Lf in treatment of infections in patients, including those studies where no significant differences were found. Lf could be an excellent option for prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases, mainly in combined therapies with antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán- Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - Lucero Ruiz-Mazón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Nidia León Sicairos
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Unidad de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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6
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Habibi P, Tabatabaei Yazdi F, Mortazavi SA, Farajollahi MM. Effects of free and nano encapsulated bovine lactoferrin on the viability and acid production by Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:689-698. [PMID: 35908230 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tooth decay is one of the most common diseases that humans face during their lifetime. Streptococcus mutans is one of the most critical factors of early tooth decay. These bacteria may produce biofilms in the mouth, which are more resistant to antimicrobial agents. S. mutans may also demineralize tooth enamel by producing lactic acid. In this study, the effect of nanoliposomes containing lactoferrin at three different concentrations (1.5, 3, and 6 mg ml-1 l) on the biofilm formed by S. mutans was investigated. Nanoliposomes were prepared using the thin-layer hydration method. An active attachment model (AAA) was used to evaluate biofilm and lactic acid production. The results showed that nano encapsulated lactoferrin could reduce CFU of biofilm more effectively than free lactoferrin. Lactoferrin-containing nanoliposomes also significantly reduced lactic acid production by S. mutans. Therefore, nano encapsulated lactoferrin may be used along with other dental caries control methods to increase anti caries efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Habibi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farideh Tabatabaei Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morad Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Moseley R, Waddington RJ. Modification of gingival proteoglycans by reactive oxygen species: potential mechanism of proteoglycan degradation during periodontal diseases. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:970-981. [PMID: 34821180 PMCID: PMC10392033 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and oxidative stress are increasingly being implicated in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal diseases. The present study investigated the effects of ROS exposure on the proteoglycans of gingival tissues, utilizing an in vitro model system comprised of supra-physiological oxidant concentrations, to ascertain whether gingival proteoglycan modification and degradation by ROS contributed to the underlying mechanisms of ECM destruction during active gingivitis. Proteoglycans were purified from ovine gingival tissues and exposed to increasing H2O2 concentrations or a hydroxyl radical (·OH) flux for 1 h or 24 h, and ROS effects on proteoglycan core proteins and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains were assessed. ROS were capable of degrading gingival proteoglycans, with ·OH species inducing greater degradative effects than H2O2 alone. Degradative effects were particularly manifested as amino acid modification, core protein cleavage, and GAG chain depolymerization. Proteoglycan core proteins were more susceptible to degradation than GAG chains with H2O2 alone, although core proteins and GAG chains were both extensively degraded by ·OH species. Proteoglycan exposure to ·OH species for 24 h induced significant core protein amino acid modification, with decreases in glutamate, proline, isoleucine, and leucine; and concomitant increases in serine, glycine, and alanine residues. As clinical reports have previously highlighted proteoglycan core protein degradation during chronic gingivitis, whereas their sulfated GAG chains remain relatively intact, these findings potentially provide further evidence to implicate ROS in the pathogenesis of active gingivitis, complementing the enzymic mechanisms of periodontal tissue destruction already established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Moseley
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel J Waddington
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Welk A, Patjek S, Gärtner M, Baguhl R, Schwahn C, Below H. Antibacterial and antiplaque efficacy of a lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen-peroxide-system-containing lozenge. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:302. [PMID: 34732139 PMCID: PMC8564979 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial agents are considered valuable adjuncts to mechanical methods of plaque control. However, their long-term use can be limited because of side effects. Therefore, using physiological substances is promising due to no risk of development, for example, of microbial resistances, allergies or DNA damaging. The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system (LPO-system) is a highly effective antimicrobial system. This study aimed to evaluate in a randomized study with a four-replicate cross-over design the effectiveness of two oral hygiene lozenges containing LPO-system in oral hygiene. Results After using the mouth rinse as positive control (A) and allocated test lozenges (B) (0.083% H2O2) & (C) (0.04% H2O2) for 4 days instead of the normal oral hygiene procedures (tooth brushing etc.), Listerine rinse (A) was statistically significantly more effective than the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.083% H2O2, the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.04% H2O2, and the placebo lozenge (D) in inhibiting plaque. Lozenges B and C were statistically significantly more effective than the placebo lozenge, but no statistically significant differences could be observed between them. The LPO-system-lozenge (B) reduced statistically significantly more S. mutans than the LPO-system-lozenge with (C) and the placebo lozenge (D). The LPO-system-lozenge (C) reduced statistically significantly more Lactobacilli than Listerine (A), the LPO-system-lozenge (B) and the placebo lozenge (D). There were no statistically significant differences in the total CFUs between Listerine rinse, the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.083% H2O2 (B), the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.04% H2O2 (C), and the placebo lozenge (D). On day 5 there were no differences of the OSCN−-values between all A, B, C, and D. However, the SCN−-values increased over the days in both LPO-system-lozenges (B/C). The statistically significant differences between B/C and A/D on day 5 were as followed: A to B p = 0.0268; A to C p = 0.0035; B to D p = 0.0051; C to D p = 0.0007. Only in the group of Listerine (A) increased the NO3−/NO2−-quotient over the test time, which indicates a reduction of nitrate-reducing bacteria. On Day 5 the statistically significant difference between A and B was p = 0.0123. Conclusions The results indicate that lozenges containing a complete LPO-system, inhibiting plaque regrowth and reducing cariogenic bacteria, may be used in the daily oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welk
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School of the University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 42a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - S Patjek
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School of the University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 42a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Gärtner
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School of the University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 42a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Baguhl
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine of the University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ch Schwahn
- Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Below
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine of the University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Courtois P. Oral peroxidases: From antimicrobial agents to ecological actors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:500. [PMID: 33982776 PMCID: PMC8134873 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase are the two main peroxidase enzymes found in the oral cavity. Sialoperoxidase is present in salivary secretions and in the biofilms that line the oral surfaces, while myeloperoxidase is abundant in the dento-gingival sulcus area. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oral peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of the pseudohalide anion thiocyanate (SCN−) to hypothiocyanite (OSCN−), a strong oxidant that serves an antimicrobial role. Furthermore, oral peroxidases consume bacteria-produced H2O2 and could help inactivate toxic carcinogenic and genotoxic substances. Numerous in vitro studies have reported the antibacterial, antimycotic and antiviral role of peroxidases, suggesting possible applications in oral therapy. However, the use of oral hygiene products incorporating peroxidase systems has not yet been shown to be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of oral infections. This paradox reflects our incomplete knowledge of the physiological role of peroxidases in a complex environment, such as the oral region. While hygiene is crucial for restoring oral microbiota to a symbiotic state, there are no data to suggest that the addition of a peroxidase per se can create a dysbiotic state. Recent investigations have associated the presence of peroxidase activity with gram-positive cocci microbial flora, and its insufficiency with dysbiosis has been linked to pathologies, such as caries, periodontitis or infections of the oral mucosa. Therefore, oxidants generated by oral peroxidases appear to be an essential ecological determinant for oral health through the selection of a symbiotic microbiota capable of resisting oxidative stress. The objective of the present review was to update the current knowledge of the physiological aspects and applications of oral peroxidases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Courtois
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Subramanya AP, Prabhuji V, Vardhan KB, Mlv P. Comparative evaluation of efficacy of enzymatic toothpaste over standard fluoridated toothpaste in reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Int J Dent Hyg 2020; 19:231-236. [PMID: 33031636 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare and evaluate the efficacy of enzymatic toothpaste v/s standard fluoridated toothpaste in reduction of plaque and gingivitis during maintenance phase after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 52 participants belonging to age 20-50 years eligible for inclusion were randomly chosen from the outpatient department. Computer-generated randomization was followed to recruit the subjects into two groups. 26 subjects were assigned to control group who were given with control toothpaste (standard fluoridated toothpaste), while 26 subjects were assigned to test group (enzymatic toothpaste) and given with test toothpaste. The amount of dental plaque and gingivitis were assessed baseline visit and at 6-week follow-up visit using Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (TQHPI) 1970, Gingival Index (GI) - (Löe and Sillness 1963) and Full Mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS), respectively. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS® version 22. RESULTS Intergroup comparison of TQHPI, GI and FMBS among test and control group has shown that test group had statistically significant lower values than the control group at the follow-up visit. (p = 0.006*, p = 0.001*, p = 0.001*, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of our study, it can be concluded that test toothpaste has shown to be efficient than the previously set standard control fluoridated toothpaste in terms of reduction of plaque and gingivitis during maintenance phase after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varun Prabhuji
- Department of Periodontology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Prabhuji Mlv
- Department of Periodontology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, India
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11
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Lu J, Francis J, Doster RS, Haley KP, Craft KM, Moore RE, Chambers SA, Aronoff DM, Osteen K, Damo SM, Manning S, Townsend SD, Gaddy JA. Lactoferrin: A Critical Mediator of Both Host Immune Response and Antimicrobial Activity in Response to Streptococcal Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1615-1623. [PMID: 32329605 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria responsible for a variety of disease outcomes including pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, periodontitis, skin and soft tissue infections, chorioamnionitis, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, and neonatal sepsis. In response to streptococcal infections, the host innate immune system deploys a repertoire of antimicrobial and immune modulating molecules. One important molecule that is produced in response to streptococcal infections is lactoferrin. Lactoferrin has antimicrobial properties including the ability to bind iron with high affinity and sequester this important nutrient from an invading pathogen. Additionally, lactoferrin has the capacity to alter the host inflammatory response and contribute to disease outcome. This Review presents the most recent published work that studies the interaction between the host innate immune protein lactoferrin and the invading pathogen, Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jamisha Francis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ryan S. Doster
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kathryn P. Haley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Kelly M. Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Schuyler A. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kevin Osteen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Steven M. Damo
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shannon Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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12
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Pedersen AML, Darwish M, Nicholson J, Edwards MI, Gupta AK, Belstrøm D. Gingival health status in individuals using different types of toothpaste. J Dent 2020; 80 Suppl 1:S13-S18. [PMID: 30696551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between the medium term use (>1 year) of a toothpaste containing natural enzymes and proteins (Zendium™) upon gingival index, plaque index and bleeding index compared to medium term use of toothpastes without antimicrobial/antiinflammatory ingredients. METHODS A total of 305 participants eligible for inclusion were grouped according to their toothpaste use and matched with regard to gender and age (18-30, 31-55 and 56+ years of age). A total of 161 persons were using a toothpaste which contained enzymes and proteins (Zendium™, test group), and 144 persons were using a toothpaste without these ingredients (control group). The amount of dental plaque and the gingival condition were assessed at six sites of each tooth using the modified gingival index (MGI), plaque index (Modified Quigley and Hein plaque index, PI), and bleeding index (BI). Mean values of MGI, PI and BI were compared using analysis of covariance. RESULTS The test group had significantly less gingival inflammation than the control group (adjusted mean scores (SD); 1.80 (0.65) vs. 2.27 (0.63),p < 0.0001), as well as lower levels of plaque (2.03 (0.33) vs. 2.12 (0.33), p = 0.0168) and gingival bleeding (0.74 (0.45) vs. 1.08 (0.45), p < 0.0001). Females had significantly less gingival inflammation (p < 0.0001), plaque (p = 0.0005) and bleeding (p = 0.0118) than males. Participants aged 18-30 years had significantly higher levels of inflammation and bleeding than the older age groups (p < 0.001), and also higher plaque levels compared to participants aged 31-55 years (p = 0.0069). Potential confounding factors including oral hygiene practices and consistency of dental visits did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that medium term use of fluoride toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins (Zendium™) is associated with a better gingival health than the use of other types of fluoride toothpastes without antimicrobial active ingredients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Medium term (> 1 year) use of toothpaste containing naturally occurring enzymes and proteins (Zendium™) in an unsupervised home setting is associated with better gingival health compared to the unsupervised use of other commercially available toothpastes without antimicrobial/antiinflammatory active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Pedersen
- Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Darwish
- Periodontology and Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nicholson
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - M I Edwards
- Unilever Oral Care, Unilever House, 100 Victoria Embankment, London, EC4Y 0DY, UK
| | - A K Gupta
- Hindustan Unilever Limited Research Centre, Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - D Belstrøm
- Periodontology and Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Darwesh OM, Ali SS, Matter IA, Elsamahy T, Mahmoud YA. Enzymes immobilization onto magnetic nanoparticles to improve industrial and environmental applications. Methods Enzymol 2019; 630:481-502. [PMID: 31931999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes as specific natural biocatalysts are present in all living organisms and they play a key role in the biochemical reactions inside, as outside the cell. Despite the wide range of environmental, medical, agricultural, and food applications, the high cost, non-reusability, and limited stability of soluble (non-immobilized) enzymes are considered barriers to their commercial application. Immobilization techniques are an effective strategy for solving problems associated with free enzymes in terms of improving the efficiency and stability of catalytic enzymes, as well as enhancing their separation and reusability in continuous industrial applications. Out of different supporting materials, magnetic nanoparticles are considered as the future trend for enzyme immobilization due to their exceptional properties regarding stabilization, easy recovery and reuse. Some recent techniques of enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles will be detailed hereafter in the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Darwesh
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ibrahim A Matter
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elsamahy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yehia A Mahmoud
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Magacz M, Kędziora K, Sapa J, Krzyściak W. The Significance of Lactoperoxidase System in Oral Health: Application and Efficacy in Oral Hygiene Products. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061443. [PMID: 30901933 PMCID: PMC6472183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) present in saliva are an important element of the nonspecific immune response involved in maintaining oral health. The main role of this enzyme is to oxidize salivary thiocyanate ions (SCN-) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to products that exhibit antimicrobial activity. LPO derived from bovine milk has found an application in food, cosmetics, and medical industries due to its structural and functional similarity to the human enzyme. Oral hygiene products enriched with the LPO system constitute an alternative to the classic fluoride caries prophylaxis. This review describes the physiological role of human salivary lactoperoxidase and compares the results of clinical trials and in vitro studies of LPO alone and complex dentifrices enriched with bovine LPO. The role of reactivators and inhibitors of LPO is discussed together with the possibility of using nanoparticles to increase the stabilization and activity of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magacz
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kędziora
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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15
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West N. Guest Editorial. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S1-S2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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16
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A randomised clinical trial to determine the effect of a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins on gum health over 3 months. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S26-S32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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