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Th2 Cytokines Affect the Innate Immune Barrier without Impairing the Physical Barrier in a 3D Model of Normal Human Skin. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051941. [PMID: 36902728 PMCID: PMC10003590 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by T helper (Th) 2 and Th22 cells producing interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 and IL-22, respectively. The specific contribution of each cytokine to the impairment of the physical and the immune barrier via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is poorly addressed concerning the epidermal compartment of the skin. (2) Methods: The effect of IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, and the master cytokine IL-23 is evaluated in a 3D model of normal human skin biopsies (n = 7) at the air-liquid interface for 24 and 48 h. We investigated by immunofluorescence the expressions of (i) claudin-1, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 filaggrin, involucrin for the physical barrier and (ii) TLR2, 4, 7, 9, human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) for the immune barrier. (3) Results: Th2 cytokines induce spongiosis and fail in impairing tight junction composition, while IL-22 reduces and IL-23 induces claudin-1 expression. IL-4 and IL-13 affect the TLR-mediated barrier largely than IL-22 and IL-23. IL-4 early inhibits hBD-2 expression, while IL-22 and IL-23 induce its distribution. (4) Conclusions: This experimental approach looks to the pathogenesis of AD through molecular epidermal proteins rather than cytokines only and paves the way for tailored patient therapy.
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Prignano F, Donetti E. Looking at Interleukin-22 from a New Dermatological Perspective: From Epidermal Homeostasis to Its Role in Chronic Skin Diseases. Dermatology 2022; 238:829-836. [PMID: 35537419 DOI: 10.1159/000524119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years after the cloning, characterization, and identification of interleukin (IL)-22 in 2000, the precise biological role of this cytokine in healthy and unhealthy skin is not completely known. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the recent knowledge available in literature about the origin, sources, targets, molecular mechanism of action, and clinical issues regarding IL-22. Last but not least, recent experimental evidence obtained in a 3D model of organotypic culture of normal human skin highlights its homeostatic role and will be discussed in detail, as personal observations. As most of the data concerning IL-22 immunomodulating activity are obtained from mouse models, this work offers a new perspective on its clinical role. The hypothesis herein advanced is that IL-22 profoundly affects keratinocyte terminal differentiation, whereas, in order to induce a proliferation impairment, a more complex psoriatic-like microenvironment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prignano
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Lombardo G, Melzi G, Indino S, Piazza S, Sangiovanni E, Baruffaldi Preis F, Marabini L, Donetti E. Keratin 17 as a marker of UVB-induced stress in human epidermis and modulation by Vitis vinifera extract. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:611-627. [PMID: 34644704 DOI: 10.1159/000520038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Indino
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Prignano F, Lombardo G, Indino S, Ricceri F, Cornaghi L, Donetti EB. Evaluation of expression of Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9, proliferation, and cytoskeletal biomarkers in plaque and guttate psoriasis: A pilot morphological study. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 33666385 PMCID: PMC7967266 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This pilot study was aimed at comparing TLR7/TLR9 expression, cytoskeletal arrangement, and cell proliferation by indirect immunofluorescence in parallel lesional and non lesional skin samples of guttate psoriasis (PG) and psoriasis vulgaris (PV) in five male patients for each group (n=10). TLR7 expression was detected throughout all the epidermal compartment in PV samples, while in PG skin was restricted to the granular layer. TLR9 was present in the granular layer of non lesional skin and in the suprabasal layers of PV/PG lesional skin. Cell proliferation was localized in all the epidermal layers in lesional PG and PV, consistently with the immunopositivity for the “psoriatic keratin” K16. In the suprabasal layers of lesional PG and PV skin, a similar K17 expression was detected and K10 exhibited a patchy distribution. The present results suggest that TLR7 expression can be considered an intrinsic and differential histomorphological feature of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prignano
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence.
| | - Giulia Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan.
| | - Serena Indino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan.
| | - Federica Ricceri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence.
| | - Laura Cornaghi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan.
| | - Elena B Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan.
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Donetti E, Lombardo G, Indino S, Cornaghi L, Arnaboldi F, Pescitelli L, Baruffaldi Preis F, Prignano F. The psoriatic shift induced by interleukin 17 is promptly reverted by a specific anti-IL-17A agent in a three-dimensional organotypic model of normal human skin culture. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 32312032 PMCID: PMC7171424 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), mainly produced by the T helper subclass Th17, plays a key role in the psoriatic plaque formation and progression. The clinical effectiveness of anti-IL-17A agents is documented, but the early and specific mechanisms of their protection are not identified yet. The challenge of the present study is to investigate the possible reversal exerted by a specific anti-IL-17A agent on the psoriatic events induced by IL-17A in a three-dimensional organotypic model of normal human skin. Bioptic skin fragments obtained after aesthetic surgery of healthy women (n=5) were incubated with i) IL-17A biological inhibitor (anti-IL-17A), ii) IL- 17A, iii) a combination of IL-17A and its specific IL-17A biological inhibitor (COMBO). A Control group was in parallel cultured and incubation lasted for 24 and 48 h epidermal-side-up at the air-liquid interface. All subjects were represented in all experimental groups at all considered time-points. Keratinocyte proliferation and the presence of epidermal Langerhans cells were quantitatively estimated. In parallel with transmission electron microscopy analysis, immunofluorescence studies for the epidermal distribution of keratin (K)10, K14, K16, K17, filaggrin/occludin, Toll-like Receptor 4, and Nuclear Factor kB were performed. IL-17A inhibited cell proliferation and induced K17 expression, while samples incubated with the anti-IL-17A agent were comparable to controls. In the COMBO group the IL-17A-induced effects were almost completely reverted. Our study, for the first time, elucidates the most specific psoriatic cellular events that can be partially affected or completely reverted by a specific anti-IL-17A agent during the early phases of the plaque onset and progression. On the whole, this work contributes to expand the knowledge of the psoriatic tableau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan.
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Zanoni BV, Brasil Romão G, Andrade RS, Barretto Cicarelli RM, Trovatti E, Chiari-Andrèo BG, Iglesias M. Cytotoxic effect of protic ionic liquids in HepG2 and HaCat human cells: in vitro and in silico studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:447-458. [PMID: 31160977 PMCID: PMC6505392 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are innovative chemical compounds, which due to their peculiar nature and amazing physico-chemical properties, have been studied as potential sustainable solvents in many areas of modern science, such as in the industrial fields of textile dyeing, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, energy and many others. Due to their more than probable large-scale use in a short space of time, a wider analysis in terms of ecotoxicity and biological safety to humans has been attracting significant attention, once many ionic liquids were found to be "a little less than green compounds" towards cells and living organisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the cytotoxicity of 13 recently synthesized PILs, as well as to reinforce knowledge in terms of key thermodynamic magnitudes. All the studied compounds were tested for their in vitro toxic activities on two human cell lines (normal keratinocytes HaCaT and hepatocytes HepG2). In addition, due to the enormous number of possible combinations of anions and cations that can form ionic liquids, a group contribution QSAR model has been tested in order to predict their cytotoxicity. The estimated and experimental values were adequately correlated (correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.9260). The experimental obtained results showed their remarkable low toxicity for the studied in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Varela Zanoni
- Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA , R. Carlos Gomes , 1217 , CEP 14801-340 , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Brasil Romão
- Universidade Federal da Bahia , Rua Aristides Novis , 2 , Federação , CEP 40210-630 , Salvador , BA , Brazil
| | - Rebecca S Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia , Av. Centenário , 697 , Sim , CEP 44042-280 , Feira de Santana , BA , Brazil .
| | - Regina Maria Barretto Cicarelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Rod.Araraquara - Jaú , Km 1 , CEP 14800-903 , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Eliane Trovatti
- Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA , R. Carlos Gomes , 1217 , CEP 14801-340 , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andrèo
- Universidade de Araraquara - UNIARA , R. Carlos Gomes , 1217 , CEP 14801-340 , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Rod.Araraquara - Jaú , Km 1 , CEP 14800-903 , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Miguel Iglesias
- Universidade Federal da Bahia , Rua Aristides Novis , 2 , Federação , CEP 40210-630 , Salvador , BA , Brazil
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Ashtikar M, Wacker MG. Nanopharmaceuticals for wound healing - Lost in translation? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:194-218. [PMID: 29567397 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Today, many of the newly developed pharmaceuticals and medical devices take advantage of nanotechnology and with a rising incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the number of patients afflicted globally with non-healing wounds is growing. This has created a requirement for improved therapies and wound care. However, converting the strategies applied in early research into new products is still challenging. Many of them fail to comply with the market requirements. This review discusses the legal and scientific challenges in the design of nanomedicines for wound healing. Are they lost in translation or is there a new generation of therapeutics in the pipeline?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Ashtikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Nanosciences, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Nanosciences, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Cornaghi L, Arnaboldi F, Calò R, Landoni F, Baruffaldi Preis WF, Marabini L, Donetti E. Effects of UV Rays and Thymol/Thymus vulgaris L. Extract in an ex vivo Human Skin Model: Morphological and Genotoxicological Assessment. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:180-92. [PMID: 27023828 DOI: 10.1159/000444361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental factor affecting functions of the skin. Compounds rich in polyphenols, such as Thymus vulgaris leaf extract and thymol, have been proposed for the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. We compared the acute effects induced by UVA and UVB rays on epidermal morphology and proliferation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Normal human skin explants were obtained from young healthy women (n = 7) after informed consent and cultured at the air-liquid interface overnight. After 24 h, the samples were divided in 2 groups: the former exposed to UVA (16 or 24 J/cm2) and the latter irradiated with UVB (0.24 or 0.72 J/cm2). One hour after the end of irradiation, supernatants were collected for evaluation of the lactate dehydrogenase activity. Twenty-four hours after UVB exposure, biopsies were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy analysis, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. UVB and UVA rays induced early inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA damage compared to controls. In particular, UVB rays were always more cytotoxic and genotoxic than UVA ones. For this reason, we evaluated the effect of either T. vulgaris L. extract (1.82 µg/ml) or thymol (1 µg/ml) on all samples treated for 1 h before UVB irradiation. While Thymus had a protective action for all of the endpoints evaluated, the action of the extract was less pronounced on epidermal proliferation and morphological features. The results presented in this study could be the basis for investigating the mechanism of thymol and T. vulgaris L. extract against the damage induced by UV radiation.
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-17 differently affects Langerhans cell distribution and activation in an innovative three-dimensional model of normal human skin. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 94:71-7. [PMID: 25596626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the several cytokines involved in the psoriasis pathogenesis, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-17 play a central role. Many biomolecular steps remain unknown due to difficulty to obtain psoriatic models. To investigate the effect of TNF-alpha and IL-17 on the ultrastructure, immunophenotype, and number of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), human skin explants (n=7) were cultured air-liquid interface in a Transwell system. Four different conditions were used: medium alone (control), medium added with 100 ng/ml TNF-alpha or 50 ng/ml IL-17 or a combination of both cytokines. Samples were harvested 24 and 48 h after cytokine addition and were frozen. Samples harvested at 24h were also processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By immunofluorescence analysis with anti-human Langerin antibody (three experiments/sample) we calculated the percentage of LCs/mm(2) of living epidermis after 24 and 48 h of incubation (considering control as 100%). At 24h LC number was significantly higher in samples treated with both cytokines (216.71+15.10%; p<0.001) and in TNF-alpha (125.74+26.24%; p<0.05). No differences were observed in IL-17-treated samples (100.14+38.42%). After 48 h, the number of epidermal Langerin-positive cells in IL-17- and TNF-alpha treated samples slightly decreased (94.99+36.79% and 101.37+23% vs. their controls, respectively). With the combination of both cytokines epidermal LCs strongly decreased (120+13.36%). By TEM, upon TNF-alpha stimulus LCs appeared with few organelles, mostly mitochondria, lysosomes, and scattered peripherical BGs. Upon IL-17 stimulus, LCs showed a cytoplasm with many mitochondria and numerous BGs close to the perinuclear space and Golgi apparatus, but also at the periphery, at the beginning of the dendrites. The addition of both cytokines did not affect LC ultrastructure. Our study showed that IL-17 induced significant changes in LC ultrastructure, while the combination of both cytokines seems to have a strong chemo-attractant effect on epidermal LCs, supporting the relevance of investigating the interplay between LCs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ongoing of the disease.
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Donetti E, Cornaghi L, Gualerzi A, Baruffaldi Preis F, Prignano F. An innovative three-dimensional model of normal human skin to study the proinflammatory psoriatic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-17. Cytokine 2014; 68:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Ansell
- The Healing Foundation Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | | | - Matthew J. Hardman
- The Healing Foundation Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences; The University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
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Autologous Cell Delivery to the Skin-Implant Interface via the Lumen of Percutaneous Devices in vitro. J Funct Biomater 2010; 1:14-21. [PMID: 24955931 PMCID: PMC4030893 DOI: 10.3390/jfb1010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced tissue regeneration around percutaneous medical implants could be a useful method to prevent the failure of the medical device, especially when the epidermal seal around the implant is disrupted and the implant must be maintained over a long period of time. In this manuscript, a novel concept and technique is introduced in which autologous keratinocytes were delivered to the interfacial area of a skin-implant using the hollow interior of a fixator pin as a conduit. Full thickness human skin explants discarded from surgeries were cultured at the air-liquid interface and were punctured to fit at the bottom of hollow cylindrical stainless steel fixator pins. Autologous keratinocytes, previously extracted from the same piece of skin and cultured separately, were delivered to the specimens thorough the interior of the hollow pins. The delivered cells survived the process and resembled undifferentiated epithelium, with variations in size and shape. Viability was demonstrated by the lack of morphologic evidence of necrosis or apoptosis. Although the cells did not form organized epithelial structures, differentiation toward a keratinocyte phenotype was evident immunohistochemically. These results suggest that an adaptation of this technique could be useful for the treatment of complications arising from the contact between skin and percutaneous devices in vivo.
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Peramo A, Marcelo CL, Goldstein SA, Martin DC. Continuous Delivery of Biomaterials to the Skin-Percutaneous Device Interface Using a Fluid Pump. Artif Organs 2010; 34:E27-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Improved Preservation of the Tissue Surrounding Percutaneous Devices by Hyaluronic Acid and Dermatan Sulfate in a Human Skin Explant Model. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 38:1098-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Donetti E, Bedoni M, Capone P, Gualerzi A, Tartaglia G, Sforza C. Anin vitromodel of human oral explants to study early effects of radiation mucositis. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:169-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peramo A, Marcelo CL, Goldstein SA, Martin DC. Novel organotypic cultures of human skin explants with an implant-tissue biomaterial interface. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 37:401-9. [PMID: 19052870 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel in vitro culture system of organotypic human skin explants interfacing with external fixator pins is presented. The system was used to observe changes in skin morphology on the skin at the pin interface. To evaluate the performance of this novel system, histological analysis of human skin explants cultured for 5 days at the air-liquid interface was performed. Compared to control explants, specimens interfaced with pins (treated or not with a physiological saline solution) showed a deteriorating basal layer, a disappearing stratum spinosum and increased lost of elastic fibers in the dermis. The model system makes it possible to perform rapid, repeatable studies of living skin response to chronically implanted materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peramo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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