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Paez-Hurtado AM, Calderon-Ospina CA, Nava-Mesa MO. Mechanisms of action of vitamin B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) in pain: a narrative review. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:235-253. [PMID: 35156556 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2034242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a complex sensory and emotional experience with nociceptive, nociplastic, and neuropathic components. An involvement of neurotropic B vitamins (B1 - thiamine, B6 - pyridoxine, and B12 - cyanocobalamin) as modulators of inflammation and pain has been long discussed. New evidence suggests their therapeutic potential in different pain conditions. In this review, we discuss the main role of neurotropic B vitamins on different nociceptive pathways in the nervous system and to describe their analgesic action mechanisms. The performed literature review showed that, through different mechanisms, these vitamins regulate several inflammatory and neural mediators in nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Some of these processes include aiming the activation of the descending pain modulatory system and in specific intracellular pathways, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and nerve regenerative effects. Moreover, recent data shows the antinociceptive, antiallodynic, and anti-hyperalgesic effects of the combination of these vitamins, as well as their synergistic effects with known analgesics. Understanding how vitamins B1, B6, and B12 affect several nociceptive mechanisms can therefore be of significance in the treatment of various pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Paez-Hurtado
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS)-Centro Neurovitae, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C A Calderon-Ospina
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS)-Centro Neurovitae, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Efficacy of administrative intervention for neurosurgical patients with off-label use of alprostadil lipid microsphere. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15363. [PMID: 36100635 PMCID: PMC9470700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As an adjuvant drug, alprostadil lipid microsphere injection (Lipo-PGE1) is one of the best-selling drugs in China in recent years. However, the off-label use of Lipo-PGE1 is very common. This study aimed to investigate the use of Lipo-PGE1 and evaluate the clinical effects and economic benefits after administrative intervention on inappropriate use of Lipo-PGE1 in neurosurgical patients in a Chinese tertiary hospital. Administrative interventions were implemented from January to December 2018 by reducing the procurement volume of Lipo-PGE1, judging the rationality of medical records, and establishing reward and punishment mechanisms. Administrative interventions significantly decreased prescription rate (49.98% vs 22.49%), utilization (22,311 DDDs vs 8334 DDDs), drug use density (43.52 DDDs/TID vs 15.84 DDDs/TID), total expenditure (3.58 million RMB vs 1.30 million RMB), and average expenditure (2025.04 RMB vs 1466.49 RMB) of Lipo-PGE1. To our delight, these intervention effects were maintained or even better in the 1-year post-intervention period. Moreover, in the intervention and post-intervention phases, the Lipo-PGE1 use for no indications as well as inappropriate drug dose, frequency, menstruum type, combination, and contraindication were markedly reduced. Besides, the mean costs (P < 0.001), and mean duration (P < 0.001) of Lipo-PGE1 were also obviously decreased. The administrative intervention obviously reduced the off-label use of Lipo-PGE1. However, there still remains a number of inappropriate uses of Lipo-PGE1. To further improve the rational use of Lipo-PGE1, combination of administrative intervention and real-time clinical pharmacists intervention should be implemented.
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Nava-Mesa MO, Aispuru Lanche GR. [Role of B vitamins, thiamine, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin in back pain and other musculoskeletal conditions: a narrative review]. Semergen 2021; 47:551-562. [PMID: 33865694 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain, as well as other musculoskeletal disorders (neck pain, osteoarthritis, etc.), are a very frequent cause of consultation both in primary care and in other hospital specialties and are usually associated with high functional and work disability. Acute low back pain can present different nociceptive, neuropathic and nonciplastic components, which leads to consider it as a mixed type pain. The importance of the concept of mixed pain is due to the fact that the symptomatic relief of these pathologies requires a multimodal therapeutic approach to various pharmacological targets. The antinociceptive role of the B vitamin complex has been recognized for several decades, specifically the combination of Thiamine, Pyridoxine and Cyanocobalamin (TPC). Likewise, there is accumulated evidence that indicates an adjuvant analgesic action in low back pain. The aim of the present review is to present the existing evidence and the latest findings on the therapeutic effects of the TPC combination in low back pain. Likewise, some of the most relevant mechanisms of action involved that can explain these effects are analyzed. The reviewed evidence indicates that the combined use of PCT has an adjuvant analgesic effect in mixed pain, specifically in low back pain and other musculoskeletal disorders with nociceptive and neuropathic components. This effect can be explained by an anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, neuroprotective and neuromodulatory action of the TPC combination on the descending pain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NEUROS), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - G R Aispuru Lanche
- Grupo de Trabajo Aparato Locomotor Semergen. Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Burgos, Castilla y León, España.
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Karaganis S, Song XJ. B vitamins as a treatment for diabetic pain and neuropathy. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 46:1199-1212. [PMID: 33565138 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE B vitamin therapy is a common treatment for diabetic pain and neuropathy, yet its use remains controversial in patients lacking B vitamin deficiencies. The aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence for the efficacy of B vitamin therapy in diabetic patients with neuropathy. COMMENT We screened the English literature for clinical studies evaluating B vitamins as a therapy for pain and neuropathy in diabetic patients. We selected 43 relevant studies for qualitative analysis based on our selection criteria. Our survey of the literature revealed substantive heterogeneity with respect to efficacies of reported outcomes, as well as study design. Most beneficial outcomes were reported against baseline measures, with few positive comparisons against placebo. This highlights the need for larger, placebo-controlled studies. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION B vitamins should be considered a plausible therapy for diabetic neuropathy, but its overall efficacy remains uncertain and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Karaganis
- Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Science, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA.,SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine and the Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Jun Song
- SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine and the Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Zheng F, Zhang M, Yang X, Wu F, Wang G, Feng X, Ombati R, Zuo R, Yang C, Liu J, Lai R, Luo X, Long C. Prostaglandin E1 Is an Efficient Molecular Tool for Forest Leech Blood Sucking. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:615915. [PMID: 33490139 PMCID: PMC7817918 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.615915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From a survival perspective, it is hypothesized that leech saliva exhibits certain physiological effects to ensure fast blood-feeding, including analgesia, anesthesia, and anti-inflammation to stay undetected by the host and vasodilatation and anti-hemostasis to ensure a steady, rapid, and sustained blood flow to the feeding site. Many anti-hemostatic compounds have been identified in leech saliva, such as hirudin, calin, and bdellin A. However, no specific substance with direct vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory function has been reported from forest leech saliva. Herein, using activity-guided analysis, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was identified for the first time as an efficient molecular tool for forest leech blood sucking. The structure of PGE1 was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. PGE1 was found to be primarily distributed in the leech salivary gland (1228.36 ng/g body weight). We also analyzed how forest leech PGE1 affects platelet aggregation, skin vascular permeability, bleeding time, and pain. Results indicated that PGE1 efficiently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (5 μM) with an IC50 of 21.81 ± 2.24 nM. At doses of 10, 100 nM, and 1 μM, PGE1 increased vascular permeability by 1.18, 5.8, and 9.2 times. It also prolonged bleeding time in a concentration-independent manner. In the formalin-induced mouse paw pain model, PGE1 suppressed acute pain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on PGE1 in invertebrates. The functions of PGE1, such as vasodilation, platelet aggregation inhibition, anti-inflammation, and pain alleviation, may facilitate the ingestion of host blood by leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenshuang Zheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xingwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Feilong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Xingxing Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Rose Ombati
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ruiling Zuo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Canju Yang
- Dali People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Dali, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Dehong People's Hospital, Mangshi, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chengbo Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Guan H, Ye M, Fang C, Zhang L, Han P, Qiu S, Fang X, Li L. The clinical effectiveness and safety of alprostadil combined with alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23507. [PMID: 33327292 PMCID: PMC7738071 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is more complex and it is not yet clear, but studies have shown that microangiopathy and oxidative stress responses are closely related to their pathogenesis. At present, the treatment of improving microcirculation and antioxidant stress is mainly used in clinical. Alprostadil is a commonly used vasodilator, and alpha lipoic acid is an antioxidant, which can effectively reduce oxidative stress responses and delay the progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications. However, there is a lack of evidence-based medical evidence for alprostadil combined with alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and this article aims to understand the clinical effectiveness and safety of alprostadil combined with alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropath by a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. METHODS In this study, we obtain the relevant literature by retrieving 8 electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP, and WanFang Database. Retrieving a randomized controlled study of alprostadil combined with alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropath, while the language of the literature is restricted and it only includes Chinese and English literature. For the publication of literature, the time is from the beginning of the database to August 31, 2020. In the English database, using the retrieval method of subject word combined free word. The two researchers read the titles and abstracts of all the literature independently based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. If it cannot be determined whether the literature is included by reading the title and abstract, then download and read the full text of the literature. If there is a dispute between the two researchers about the literature, so it should discuss the dispute with the third researcher in order to reach a conclusion. Using the bias risk assessment tool of randomized controlled trials in Cochrane systematic review to evaluate the bias risk of the included literature; Using RevMan 5.3 software to conduct statistical analysis; Using funnel plot analysis to analyze the situation of literature publication bias. RESULTS This study will provide a high-quality evidence on the effects of hydrolyzed protein formula milk on gastrointestinal diseases and physical development of premature infants. CONCLUSION This study will draw reliable evidence-based medical evidence for alprostadil combined with Alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, thus providing help for the clinical treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. REGISTRATION NUMBER Open Science Framework (OSF), registration number: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/7S46G.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- Department of Endocrine, Cadre Sanatorium of Hainan & Geriatric Hospital of Hainan (CSH), Qiongshan District
| | | | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Cadre Sanatorium of Hainan & Geriatric Hospital of Hainan (CSH), Qiongshan District
| | | | - Shiguang Qiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Longhua District, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Longhua District, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Lanying Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Longhua District, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
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Huang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shen X, Yan S. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Is Associated With Higher Systolic Blood Pressure in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes With and Without Hypertension in the Chinese Han Population. Can J Diabetes 2019; 44:615-623. [PMID: 32276832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim in this study was to investigate the association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and above-normal blood pressure in nonhypertensive adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We also compared achievement of clinical targets for DPN and non-DPN with T2DM. METHODS A retrospective survey was administered to 3,810 patients with T2DM. Cases were grouped according to the Toronto Clinical Scoring System as follows: non-DPN, mild DPN, moderate DPN and severe DPN. A total of 1,835 patients (hypertensive, 1,247; nonhypertensive, 588) also underwent nerve conduction velocity testing, and then was divided into quartile groups. RESULTS Irrespective of hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and glycated hemoglobin levels in the DPN group were higher than those in the non-DPN group (p<0.001). In hypertensive patients, blood pressure goal achievement was lower in the DPN group compared with the non-DPN group (31.1% vs 40.5%, p<0.05). Compared with the nerve conduction velocity Q1 (<P25%) group, optimal SBP of the Q2 (P25% to P50%), Q3 (P50% to P75%) and Q4 (>P75%) groups decreased by 62.2%, 68.2% and 78.0%, respectively. In the nonhypertensive patients, detection of optimal SBP was lower in the DPN group than in the non-DPN group (p<0.05). After adjusting for age, sex and diabetes duration (model 2), a 3-point higher DPN score on the Toronto Clinical Scoring System was associated with an SBP level of 4.2 mmHg higher (95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.17; p<0.01) in nonhypertensive patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS DPN is associated with difficulty in hypertension management in T2DM. It is also associated with elevated systolic blood hypertension, even in nonhypertensive patients with diabetes. Elevated SBP in nonhypertensive T2DM may be also worthy of further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingning Huang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongze Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yunmin Wang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ximei Shen
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sunjie Yan
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Jiang DQ, Zhao SH, Li MX, Jiang LL, Wang Y, Wang Y. Prostaglandin E1 plus methylcobalamin combination therapy versus prostaglandin E1 monotherapy for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13020. [PMID: 30383660 PMCID: PMC6221723 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E1 (P) or methylcobalamin (M) treatment has been suggested as a therapeutic approach for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in many clinical trial reports. However, the combined effects of 2 drugs still remain dubious. OBJECTIVE The aim of this report was to evaluate the efficacy of M plus P (M + P) for the treatment of DPN compared with that of P monotherapy, in order to provide a reference resource for rational drug use. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of M + P for DPN published up to September 2017 were searched. Risk ratio (RR), mean difference (MD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed with the I test. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. The outcomes measured were as follows: the clinical efficacy, median motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCV), median sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), peroneal MNCV, peroneal SNCV, and adverse effects. RESULTS Sixteen RCTs with 1136 participants were included. Clinical efficacy of M + P combination therapy was significantly better than P monotherapy (fifteen trials; RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18-1.32, P < .00001, I = 27%). Compared with P monotherapy, the pooled effects of M + P combination therapy on nerve conduction velocity were (MD 6.29, 95% CI 4.63-7.94, P < .00001, I = 90%) for median MNCV, (MD 5.68, 95% CI 3.53-7.83, P < .00001, I = 94%) for median SNCV, (MD 5.36, 95% CI 3.86-6.87, P < .00001, I = 92%) for peroneal MNCV, (MD 4.62, 95% CI 3.48-5.75, P < .00001, I = 86%) for peroneal SNCV. There were no serious adverse events associated with drug intervention. CONCLUSIONS M + P combination therapy was superior to P monotherapy for improvement of neuropathic symptoms and NCVs in DPN patients. Moreover, no serious adverse events occur in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Qi Jiang
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin Normal University, Yulin
| | - Shi-Hua Zhao
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin Normal University, Yulin
| | - Ming-Xing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
| | - Li-Lin Jiang
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin Normal University, Yulin
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan, China
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Dewanjee S, Das S, Das AK, Bhattacharjee N, Dihingia A, Dua TK, Kalita J, Manna P. Molecular mechanism of diabetic neuropathy and its pharmacotherapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:472-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wu JD, Tao S, Jin X, Jiang LL, Shen Y, Luo Y, Zhang P, Lee KO, Ye L, Ma JH. PGE1 improves diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 126:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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