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Liu Y, Wu J, Chen J, Liu S, Xu H, Yang Q, Xu F, Guo Y, Jiang B. Robust electrolysis system divided by bipolar electrode and non-conductive membrane for energy-efficient calcium hardness removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138797. [PMID: 37116725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an energy-efficient divided bipolar electrolysis system was developed for water softening, where two PTFE membranes were used as the separating materials and a bipolar electrode was employed to enhance the H2O-splitting reactions. As compared with other two operation modes, the optimum calcium harness removal efficiencies of 85% and 57% could be reached in the induction cathode effluent and terminal effluent, respectively, at 8 mA cm-2 in the mode A. Increasing the current density from 5 to 20 mA cm-2 evidently promoted the removal of calcium hardness from 33% to 65% in the terminal effluent and the CaCO3 precipitation rate from 743 to 1462 gCaCO3 h-1 m-2 with the increased energy consumption from 0.53 to 2.2 kWh kg-1CaCO3. The optimized Ca2+/HCO3- molar ratio was 1:1.2 for the calcium hardness removal. In addition, increasing the flow rate into each cathode chamber from 10 to 40 mL min-1 gradually decreased from 67% to 35%. The calcium hardness was mainly removed in the forms of vaterite and calcite in the alkaline effluents and was marginally precipitated as aragonite and calcite on the cathodes surface. Generally, present energy-efficient electrochemical water softening system showed great potential for application in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Jingli Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Qipeng Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Fengqi Xu
- SunRui Marine Environment Engineering Company Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- SunRui Marine Environment Engineering Company Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
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2
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Kang W, Li L, Yan L, Mao W, Wang X, Yu H, Ma C. Spatial and temporal regulation of homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth for high-flux electrochemical water softening. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119694. [PMID: 36764108 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical softening is an effective technology for the treatment of circulating cooling water, but its hardness removal efficiency is limited because that nucleation and growth of scale crystals depended on cathode surface. In this study, a novel method was proposed to break through this limit via spatiotemporal management of nucleation and growth processes. A cube reactor was divided into cathodic chamber and anodic chamber via installing a sandwich structure module composed of mesh cathode, nylon nets, and mesh anode. Using this continuous-flowing electrochemical reactor, OH ̄ generated by water electrolysis was rapidly pushed away from cathode surface by water flow and hydrogen bubbles movement. As a result, a wide range of strongly alkaline regions was rapidly constructed in cathodic chamber to play a nucleation region, and homogeneous nucleation in liquid phase replaced heterogeneous nucleation on cathodic surface. Furthermore, the growth process of scale crystals in alkaline regions was monitored in situ. It took only 150 s of residence time to grow to 500 nm, which may be easily separated from water by a microfiltration membrane. With this new method, the precipitation rate was 290.8 g/(hˑm2) and corresponding energy consumption was 2.1 kW·h/kg CaCO3, both were superior to those reported values. Therefore, this study developed an efficient electrochemical softening method by spatial and temporal regulation of homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Kang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, Dalian 116045, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chuanjun Ma
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Environmental Pollution Control of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, Dalian 116045, China.
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Lin W, Wang Z, Wang W, Chen Q, Xu J, Yu J. Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1677-1690. [PMID: 33843751 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical water softening has been widely used in industrial circulating cooling water systems; however, their low deposition efficiency is the main drawback that limits usage in medium to large enterprises. In this work, the effect of different parameters on the hardness removal efficiency and energy consumption of the electrochemical water softening system is experimentally studied, and the performance of water softening applied by high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields are comparative analyzed. The impact factors of the electrochemical water softening system are as follows: initial feed concentration of solute, magnitude of voltage, inter-electrode distance, area of cathode and frequency of power supply. To improve the analysis efficiency, the L25 (55) orthogonal table is used to investigate the five different factors at five levels. The experimental results are shown that the initial feed concentration of solute is the most significant factor affecting the hardness removal efficiency. The optimal combination for water softening in the group applied by high frequency electric field and direct current electric field are A3B2C1D4E3 and A2B5C3D1 respectively. The energy utilization of the device applied by high frequency electric field is 3.2 times that applied by direct current electric field. The practice shows that direct current electric fields have a better softening effect, and are is more suitable for scaling ion removal. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to observe the flow field induced by the electrolysis and found that the vertical and horizontal velocities of the flow field at low voltage are conducive to the migration of scaled ions to the cathode, and then the electrolytic reaction and deposition reaction synergy effect is the optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China E-mail:
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China E-mail:
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China E-mail:
| | - Jianmin Xu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China E-mail:
| | - Jiuyang Yu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China E-mail:
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Zuo Z, Yang W, Zhang K, Chen Y, Li M, Zuo Y, Yin X, Liu Y. Effect of scale inhibitors on the structure and morphology of CaCO3 crystal electrochemically deposited on TA1 alloy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 562:558-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramírez-Estrada A, Mena-Cervantes VY, Hernández-Altamirano R, Vazquez-Arenas J, García-Solares M, Manzo-Robledo A, Trejo G. Implications of CaSO4 scale growth on the corrosive response of carbon steel in acid media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Luan J, Wang L, Sun W, Li X, Zhu T, Zhou Y, Deng H, Chen S, He S, Liu G. Multi-meshes coupled cathodes enhanced performance of electrochemical water softening system. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Electrochemical water softening: Influence of water composition on the precipitation behaviour. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sanjuán I, Benavente D, García-García V, Expósito E, Montiel V. Electrochemical softening of concentrates from an electrodialysis brackish water desalination plant: Efficiency enhancement using a three-dimensional cathode. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sanni O, Bukuaghangin O, Huggan M, Kapur N, Charpentier T, Neville A. Development of a novel once-through flow visualization technique for kinetic study of bulk and surface scaling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:103903. [PMID: 29092516 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable interest to investigate surface crystallization in order to have a full mechanistic understanding of how layers of sparingly soluble salts (scale) build on component surfaces. Despite much recent attention, a suitable methodology to improve on the understanding of the precipitation/deposition systems to enable the construction of an accurate surface deposition kinetic model is still needed. In this work, an experimental flow rig and associated methodology to study mineral scale deposition is developed. The once-through flow rig allows us to follow mineral scale precipitation and surface deposition in situ and in real time. The rig enables us to assess the effects of various parameters such as brine chemistry and scaling indices, temperature, flow rates, and scale inhibitor concentrations on scaling kinetics. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scaling at different values of the saturation ratio (SR) is evaluated using image analysis procedures that enable the assessment of surface coverage, nucleation, and growth of the particles with time. The result for turbidity values measured in the flow cell is zero for all the SR considered. The residence time from the mixing point to the sample is shorter than the induction time for bulk precipitation; therefore, there are no crystals in the bulk solution as the flow passes through the sample. The study shows that surface scaling is not always a result of pre-precipitated crystals in the bulk solution. The technique enables both precipitation and surface deposition of scale to be decoupled and for the surface deposition process to be studied in real time and assessed under constant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sanni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - O Bukuaghangin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M Huggan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - N Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermofluids, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - T Charpentier
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A Neville
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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10
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Modelling of delay effect of calcium carbonate deposition kinetics on rotating disk electrode in the presence of green inhibitor. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Nucleation-growth process of calcium carbonate on rotating disk electrode in mineral potable water. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Elbaz L, Korin E, Soifer L, Bettelheim A. Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction by Co(III) porphyrins incorporated in aerogel carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pomerantz N, Ladizhansky Y, Korin E, Waisman M, Daltrophe N, Gilron J. Prevention of Scaling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes by “Zeroing” the Elapsed Nucleation Time. Part I. Calcium Sulfate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie051040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pomerantz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Ladizhansky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eli Korin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michael Waisman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Naphtali Daltrophe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jack Gilron
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-sheva 84105, Israel
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Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Ritchie RO, Zettl A. Nanocrystal-powered nanomotor. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:1730-3. [PMID: 16159214 DOI: 10.1021/nl0510659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed and operated a nanoscale linear motor powered by a single metal nanocrystal ram sandwiched between mechanical lever arms. Low-level electrical voltages applied to the carbon nanotube lever arms cause the nanocrystal to grow or shrink in a controlled manner. The length of the ram is adjustable from 0 to more than 150 nm, with extension speeds exceeding 1900 nm/s. The thermodynamic principles governing motor operation resemble those driving frost heave, a natural solid-state linear motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Regan
- Department of Physics, Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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16
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Removal of Phenol and Derivatives from Aqueous Solutions by Electropolymerization in Aerogel Carbon Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1149/1.1870712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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