Experimental evidence of formation of imines in the course of reduction of hydrazones

Redox behavior, chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of some reactive π-conjugated 4′-tricyanovinylhydrazone dyes

The electrochemical reduction mechanism of 4′-nitrotricyanovinylhydrazone in DMF–B-R buffer to the corresponding [(4-hydroxyamino)phenyl]methamine via 2H⁺/2e⁻ reduction of (E)-N-(1-(4-hydroxyamine)phenylethylidene)methamine is proposed.

Some applications of polarography for investigation of equlibria in aqueous solutions of organic compounds

There are two possibilities how to follow equilibria of organic compounds established in aqueous solutions using polarography: for very fast reactions, information can be obtained from shifts of half-wave potentials. For slowly established equilibria, the changes in the limiting current are followed. In both cases variation of the half-wave potentials or limiting currents with concentration of a reactant, present in excess, is followed. The types of reactions, which had been followed in this way, are as follows: hydration–dehydration equilibria, additions of hydroxide ion to carbonyl and nitroso compounds, the role of slowly established acid–base equilibria involving C-acids; further also reactions involving the addition of ammonia, primary amines, hydroxylamine, and hydrazine to carbonyl compounds.

Electroreduction of Aromatic Oximes: Diprotonation, Adsorption, Imine Formation, and Substituent Effects

Aromatic oximes are reduced in aqueous solution in a four-electron process. The reducible species in the pH range 5-8 is a diprotonated form of the oxime. This species is generated in the course of electrolysis in the vicinity of the electrode surface from the adsorbed neutral form of the oxime. The reduction is initiated by a cleavage of the N-O bond. The diprotonation facilitates the reduction process by the preformation of OH2+ as a good leaving group and by a positive charge on the azomethine nitrogen. Diprotonation has been proven based on shapes of i = f(pH) plots, by observed shifts of half-wave potentials with pH and by comparison with the reduction of nitrones. Some observed deviations from theoretical i = f(pH) plots were attributed to the role of adsorption on the rate of protonation. Adsorption is also responsible for dips on some of the i-E curves. Adsorption plays a role at concentrations as low as 1 x 10(-5) M, when the electrode surface is still not fully covered. This indicates that catalyzed protonation occurs on islets of adsorbed materials. At pH 2-5 the studied oximes in the vicinity of the electrode are predominately present in a protonated form, which is less strongly adsorbed. In this pH range the protonation takes place in a homogeneous reaction layer of the electrode. It yields a monoprotonated form, which is reduced. The separation of two two-electron waves observed for some oximes in acidic media serves as an experimental proof of the formation of imines as reduction intermediates. This separation is caused by the differences in pKa values of protonated forms of oximes and imines. The effects of substituents in the para position on the benzene ring are characterized by correlation with the Hammett substituent constant sigmax. This has been proven at pH 1.5 for substituted benzaldehyde oximes and at pH 5.0 for substituted acetophenone oximes.