New tin-based materials containing cobalt and carbon for lithium-ion batteries

Gd–Sn alloys and Gd–Sn–graphene composites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Gd–Sn alloys and Gd–Sn–graphene composites are prepared by a simple route. GdSn₆/G composites have higher reversible discharge capacities than Gd–Sn powders.

Sn–Co nanoparticles encapsulated in grid-shell carbon spheres, applied as a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries

The Sn–Co nanoparticles encapsulated in grid-shell carbon spheres showed high capacity, good rate performance and excellent capacity retention.

A nano-granular Sn impregnated NiTi alloy matrix anode for high voltage Li-ion pouch cells

A nano-granular Sn impregnated inactive NiTi alloy matrix has been synthesized through a viable and facile mill-heat method and explained with the schematic illustration of flexibility for active Sn sites(s).

Structural studies of liquid Co-Sn alloys

An analysis of the structure features of liquid Co-Sn alloys has been performed by means of X-ray diffraction method, viscosity coefficient analysis and computer simulation method. The X-ray diffraction investigations were carried out over a wide concentration range at the temperature 1473 K. It was found that the structure of these alloys can be described in the frame of independent X-ray scattering model. The viscosity coefficient was calculated by an excess entropy scaling and compared with experimental data.

Enthalpies of mixing of liquid ternary Co-Li-Sn alloys

ABSTRACT

The partial and integral molar enthalpies of mixing of liquid Co-Li-Sn alloys were determined using drop calorimetry. The investigations were performed along six sections by the addition of lithium to mixtures with the compositions [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ≈ 2:98, [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ≈ 1:9, and [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ≈ 3:17 as well as by the addition of cobalt to mixtures with the compositions [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ≈ 3:17, [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ≈ 1:2, and [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ≈ 1:1 at a temperature of 1,173 K. The Co-Li-Sn system shows exothermic behavior of the integral molar enthalpy of mixing in the investigated concentration range. The integral molar enthalpy of mixing of liquid Co-Li system was calculated by Miedema's model to fit our measured ternary data using an extended Redlich-Kister-Muggianu model for substitutional solutions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Nanocrystalline CoSn2-carbon composite electrode prepared by using sonochemistry

A sonochemical method has been used to prepare negative electrode materials containing intermetallic nanoparticles and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The ultrasound irradiation is applied to achieve small particle size. After annealing at 490 °C under Ar-flow, the polymer PAN is partially carbonized and the metallic nanoparticles are surrounded by a carbonaceous matrix. The main metallic phase is CoSn(2). The carbonaceous coating and the surface oxides have been explored by using XPS. The resulting CoSn(2)-carbonaceous phase electrode (CoSn(2)@C) shows improved electrochemical behavior (ca. 450 mAh/g after 50 cycles) in comparison with previous reports on pure crystalline CoSn(2). The reaction between CoSn(2)@C and Li has been studied by using XRD and (119)Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. The formation of large grains of crystalline Li(x)Sn phases after the first discharge is discarded. The small particle size which is achieved by using ultrasonication and the carbonaceous matrix contribute to maintain the Co-Sn interactions during the electrochemical cycling. The aggregation of the nanosized metallic particles upon electrochemical cycling can be suppressed by the carbonaceous matrix (pyrolytic PAN).

Single-crystal intermetallic M-Sn (M = Fe, Cu, Co, Ni) nanospheres as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

FeSn(2), Cu(6)Sn(5), CoSn(3), and Ni(3)Sn(4) single-crystalline nanospheres with a characteristic uniform particle size of approximately 40 nm have been synthesized via a modified polyol process, aiming at determining and understanding their intrinsic cycling performance as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. We find that, in this morphologically controlled condition, the reversible capacities follow FeSn(2) > Cu(6)Sn(5) approximately CoSn(3) > Ni(3)Sn(4), which is not directly decided by their theoretical capacities or lithium-driven volume changes. FeSn(2) exhibits the best electrochemical activity among these intermetallic nanospheres and an effective solid electrolyte interface, which explains its superior cycling performance. The small particle dimension also improves cycling stability and Li(+) diffusion.