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Chou YW, Chang SY, Keng PY. Thermal Stability and Orthogonal Functionalization of Organophosphonate Self-Assembled Monolayers as Potential Liners for Cu Interconnect. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39699-39708. [PMID: 37901487 PMCID: PMC10601072 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the thermal stabilities of butylphosphonic acid (BPA) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on a Si substrate. The thermal desorption and the thermal cleavage of the BPA and APTES SAM film on the Si substrate were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) upon thermal treatment from 50 to 550 °C. XPS analyses show that the onset of the thermal desorption of the APTES monolayer occurs at 250 °C and the APTES SAM completely decomposed at 400 °C. Conversely, BPA SAM on Si shows that the onset of thermal desorption occurs at 350 °C, and the BPA SAM completely desorbed at approximately 500 °C. Our study revealed that the organophosphonate SAM is a more stable SAM in modifying the dielectric sidewalls of a Cu interconnect when compared to organosilane SAM. To overcome the spontaneous reaction of the organophosphonate film on the metal substrate, a simple orthogonal functionalization method using thiolate SAM as a sacrificial layer was also demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chou
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Chang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pei Yuin Keng
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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2
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Modification of 1-Hexene Vinylidene Dimer into Primary and Tertiary Alkanethiols. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic thiols are in high demand in materials chemistry. Herein, a synthesis of thio-derivatives of 1-hexene vinylidene dimer is described. The approach, based on a hydroalumination reaction with further replacement of the organoaluminum function with sulfur using thiourea or dimethyl disulfide, provides anti-Markovnikov products, 2-butyloctane-1-thiol or 5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)undecane, in moderate yields. The reaction of a vinylidene dimer with phosphorus pentasulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) selectively gives the Markovnikov product, 5-methylundecane-5-thiol, with a yield of up to 77%.
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3
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Nanofabrication Techniques in Large-Area Molecular Electronic Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The societal impact of the electronics industry is enormous—not to mention how this industry impinges on the global economy. The foreseen limits of the current technology—technical, economic, and sustainability issues—open the door to the search for successor technologies. In this context, molecular electronics has emerged as a promising candidate that, at least in the short-term, will not likely replace our silicon-based electronics, but improve its performance through a nascent hybrid technology. Such technology will take advantage of both the small dimensions of the molecules and new functionalities resulting from the quantum effects that govern the properties at the molecular scale. An optimization of interface engineering and integration of molecules to form densely integrated individually addressable arrays of molecules are two crucial aspects in the molecular electronics field. These challenges should be met to establish the bridge between organic functional materials and hard electronics required for the incorporation of such hybrid technology in the market. In this review, the most advanced methods for fabricating large-area molecular electronic devices are presented, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is focused on bottom-up methodologies for the fabrication of well-ordered and tightly-packed monolayers onto the bottom electrode, followed by a description of the top-contact deposition methods so far used.
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Gorup LF, Perlatti B, Kuznetsov A, Nascente PADP, Wendler EP, Dos Santos AA, Padilha Barros WR, Sequinel T, Tomitao IDM, Kubo AM, Longo E, Camargo ER. Stability of di-butyl-dichalcogenide-capped gold nanoparticles: experimental data and theoretical insights. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6259-6270. [PMID: 35495990 PMCID: PMC9049692 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals capped with organochalcogenides have attracted considerable interest due to their practical applications, which include catalysis, sensing, and biosensing, due to their optical, magnetic, electrochemical, adhesive, lubrication, and antibacterial properties. There are numerous reports of metals capped with organothiol molecules; however, there are few studies on metals capped with organoselenium or organotellurium. Thus, there is a gap to be filled regarding the properties of organochalcogenide systems which can be improved by replacing sulfur with selenium or tellurium. In the last decade, there has been significant development in the synthesis of selenium and tellurium compounds; however, it is difficult to find commercial applications of these compounds because there are few studies showing the feasibility of their synthesis and their advantages compared to organothiol compounds. Stability against oxidation by molecular oxygen under ambient conditions is one of the properties which can be improved by choosing the correct organochalcogenide; this can confer important advantages for many more suitable applications. This paper reports the successful synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles functionalized with organochalcogenide molecules (dibutyl-disulfide, dibutyl-diselenide and dibutyl-ditelluride) and evaluates the oxidation stability of the organochalcogenides. Spherical gold nanoparticles with diameters of 24 nm were capped with organochalcogenides and were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to show the improved stability of organoselenium compared with organothiol and organotellurium. The results suggest that the organoselenium is a promising candidate to replace organothiol because of its enhanced stability towards oxidation by molecular oxygen under ambient conditions and its slow oxidation rate. The observed difference in the oxidation processes, as discussed, is also in agreement with theoretical calculations. This study presents the improved stability against oxidation by molecular oxygen under ambient conditions of organoselenium compared with organothiol, and organotellurium.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Gorup
- LIEC - Department of Chemistry
- UFSCar-Federal University of São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET)
| | - Bruno Perlatti
- LIEC - Department of Chemistry
- UFSCar-Federal University of São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Aleksey Kuznetsov
- Departamento de Química
- Campus Santiago Vitacura
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
- Santiago
- Chile
| | | | | | | | - Willyam Róger Padilha Barros
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET)
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Grande Dourados
- Dourados
- Brazil
| | - Thiago Sequinel
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET)
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Grande Dourados
- Dourados
- Brazil
| | - Isabela de Macedo Tomitao
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET)
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Grande Dourados
- Dourados
- Brazil
| | - Andressa Mayumi Kubo
- LIEC - Department of Chemistry
- UFSCar-Federal University of São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Elson Longo
- LIEC - Department of Chemistry
- UFSCar-Federal University of São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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5
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Arslan E, Gürten AA, Gök HZ, Farsak M. Electrochemical Study of Self-Assembled Aminothiol Substituted Phthalonitrile Layers for Corrosion Protection of Copper. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Arslan
- Department of Chemistry; Osmaniye Korkut Ata University; Faculty of arts & science; Department of chemistry; 80000 Osmaniye Turkey
| | - Ali A. Gürten
- Department of Chemistry; Osmaniye Korkut Ata University; Faculty of arts & science; Department of chemistry; 80000 Osmaniye Turkey
| | - Halil Z. Gök
- Department of Chemistry; Osmaniye Korkut Ata University; Faculty of arts & science; Department of chemistry; 80000 Osmaniye Turkey
| | - Murat Farsak
- Department of Chemistry; Osmaniye Korkut Ata University; Faculty of arts & science; Department of chemistry; 80000 Osmaniye Turkey
- Department of Food Technology; Osmaniye Korkut Ata University; Applied Science School Of Kadirli; Department of Food Technology; 80000 Osmaniye Turkey
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Shrestha BR, Bashir A, Ankah GN, Valtiner M, Renner FU. Localized dealloying corrosion mediated by self-assembled monolayers used as an inhibitor system. Faraday Discuss 2015; 180:191-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The structure and chemistry of thiol or selenol self-assembled organic monolayers have been frequently addressed due to the unique opportunities in functionalization of materials. Such organic films can also act as effective inhibition layers to mitigate oxidation or corrosion. Cu–Au alloy substrates covered by self-assembled monolayers show a different dealloying mechanism compared to bare surfaces. The organic surface layer inhibits dealloying of noble metal alloys by a suppression of surface diffusion at lower potentials but at higher applied potentials dealloying proceeds in localized regions due to passivity breakdown. We present an in situ atomic force microscopy study of a patterned thiol layer applied on Cu–Au alloy surfaces and further explore approaches to change the local composition of the surface layers by exchange of molecules. The pattern for the in situ experiment has been applied by micro-contact printing. This allows the study of corrosion protection with its dependence on different molecule densities at different sites. Low-density thiol areas surrounding the high-density patterns are completely protected and initiation of dealloying proceeds only along the areas with the lowest inhibitor concentration. Dealloying patterns are highly influenced and controlled by molecular thiol to selenol exchange and are also affected by introducing structural defects such as scratches or polishing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Shrestha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - A. Bashir
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - G. N. Ankah
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - M. Valtiner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - F. U. Renner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- D-40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
- Institute of Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
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7
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Li C, Li L, Wang C. Study of the inhibitive effect of mixed self-assembled monolayers on copper with SECM. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Dilimon VS, Rajalingam S, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Self-assembly mechanism of thiol, dithiol, dithiocarboxylic acid, disulfide and diselenide on gold: an electrochemical impedance study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:16648-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dilimon VS, Denayer J, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Electrochemical and spectroscopic study of the self-assembling mechanism of normal and chelating alkanethiols on copper. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6857-6865. [PMID: 22494261 DOI: 10.1021/la300021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of aliphatic thiol (RSH), dithiol (R(SH)(2)), and dithiocarboxylic acid (RS(2)H) onto mildly oxidized and highly oxidized copper was studied in real time by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Ex situ characterization of the films was carried out using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In situ EIS studies found a very fast adsorption of RSH, R(SH)(2), and RS(2)H (within 10-15 s). This fast adsorption step is followed by the long-term additional adsorption and consolidation of SAM. However, the self-assembly of RS(2)H passes through an intermediate step of molecule rearrangement for around 10 to 30 min after around 2 to 7 min of self-assembly. The binding of both sulfur moieties of R(SH)(2) with Cu happens simultaneous. The oxide reduction capacity of RSH, R(SH)(2), and RS(2)H was good. However, the XPS studies showed the decomposition of RS(2)H-based SAMs to Cu(2)S. Monolayers prepared on both mildly oxidized and heavily oxidized Cu with R(SH)(2) had the highest stability. Monolayers of RS(2)H showed the least stability on both mildly oxidized and heavily oxidized Cu. Although RSH-based SAMs had good organization on both mildly oxidized and highly oxidized Cu, R(SH)(2)-based SAMs did not show good organization in either case. The RS(2)H monolayer had good organization only on mildly oxidized Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Dilimon
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces, FUNDP-University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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10
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Formation on copper of perfluoroetheralkyl-thiol and dithiol self-assembled monolayers with a perfluoropolyether overlayer. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Chinwangso P, Jamison AC, Lee TR. Multidentate adsorbates for self-assembled monolayer films. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:511-9. [PMID: 21612198 DOI: 10.1021/ar200020s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous adsorption of organic molecules on a variety of planar and nonplanar substrates, that is, self assembly, can generate films just one molecule thick. These nanoscale, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films have been extensively used to engineer surfaces with well-defined properties. Their utility has been demonstrated in a wide range of applications, including wetting, adhesion, lubrication, patterning, and molecular recognition. Many SAM systems have been investigated, but alkanethiols adsorbed on gold are the most successful combination. This pairing offers a variety of advantages, including the ability to tune precisely the interfacial properties of a surface through the well-established organic synthetic methodologies that have been developed for preparing custom ω-terminated alkanethiols. Alkanethiolate monolayers are moderately stable at room temperature; however, these films degrade over time and readily desorb upon moderate heating. This shortcoming limits the use of SAMs in applications involving elevated temperatures or harsh environments. Accordingly, new adsorbates with multiple bonding moieties have been created to enhance the stability and versatility of SAMs. In this Account, we examine a variety of multidentate adsorbate structures that have been used to generate SAMs on planar substrates and on nanoparticles. Each of these chelating adsorbates (bidentates and tridentates) has been designed to generate well-defined organic monolayer films with multiple attachment points to the underlying substrate. This bonding arrangement allows the formation of SAMs with enhanced stability through the entropy-driven "chelate effect". The research examined here demonstrates that multidentate adsorbates provide robust films: they enable the use of SAMs under conditions that are incompatible with SAMs derived from normal alkanethiols. Another advantage offered by multidentate adsorbates is the capacity for new paradigms in thin-film composition. In particular, appropriately designed chelating adsorbates can be engineered to have two or more chemically distinct terminal groups that are covalently linked to the same underlying headgroup, without adding steric bulk that might prove detrimental to the resultant assembly. This strategy allows the generation of homogeneously mixed multicomponent surfaces, overcoming the problem of phase separation or "islanding" that is pervasive when two or more chemically distinct adsorbates are used to form mixed SAMs. Such homogeneously mixed films offer the opportunity to fine-tune the interfacial properties of a substrate and to create unique heterogeneous interfaces that are well defined by the chemical composition of the tailgroups exposed at the surface. The insight derived from these studies opens the door to new uses for SAMs, both in surface engineering applications (such as corrosion resistance and soft lithographic patterning) and in the stabilization and manipulation of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawilai Chinwangso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Andrew C. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Campos MAC, Trilling AK, Yang M, Giesbers M, Beekwilder J, Paulusse JMJ, Zuilhof H. Self-assembled functional organic monolayers on oxide-free copper. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8126-8133. [PMID: 21627331 DOI: 10.1021/la200932w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of self-assembled monolayers on copper with n-alkyl and functional thiols was investigated. Well-ordered monolayers were obtained, while the copper remained oxide-free. Direct attachment of N-succinimidyl mercaptoundecanoate (NHS-MUA) onto the copper surface allowed for the successful attachment of biomolecules, such as β-d-glucosamine, the tripeptide glutathione, and biotin. Notably, the copper surfaces remained oxide-free even after two reaction steps. All monolayers were characterized by static water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the biotinylated copper surfaces were employed in the immobilization of biomolecules such as streptavidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel A Caipa Campos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research Center, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yosypchuk B, Mareček V. Properties of thiolate monolayers formed on different amalgam electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maho A, Denayer J, Delhalle J, Mekhalif Z. Electro-assisted assembly of aliphatic thiol, dithiol and dithiocarboxylic acid monolayers on copper. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mazloum-Ardakani M, Beitollahi H, Amini MK, Mirjalili BF, Mirkhalaf F. Simultaneous determination of epinephrine and uric acid at a gold electrode modified by a 2-(2,3-dihydroxy phenyl)-1, 3-dithiane self-assembled monolayer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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