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Crapnell R, Alhasan HS, Partington LI, Zhou Y, Ahmed Z, Altalhi AA, Varley TS, Alahmadi N, Mehl GH, Kelly SM, Lawrence NS, Marken F, Wadhawan JD. Electrochemically Induced Mesomorphism Switching in a Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Lyotropic Liquid Crystal. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4630-4640. [PMID: 33644569 PMCID: PMC7905802 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of electrochemical switching of the Lα phase of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in water is reported. The phase is characterized using polarizing microscopy, X-ray scattering, rheological measurements, and microelectrode voltammetry. Fast, heterogeneous oxidation of the lyotropic liquid crystal is shown to cause a phase change resulting from the disordering of the structural order in a stepwise process. The underlying molecular dynamics is considered to be a cooperative effect of both increasing electrostatic interactions and an unfolding of the monomers from "butterfly"-shaped in the reduced form to planar in the oxidized form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
D. Crapnell
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Huda S. Alhasan
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Lee I. Partington
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Ziauddin Ahmed
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Amal A. Altalhi
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Varley
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Nadiyah Alahmadi
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Georg H. Mehl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Kelly
- Organic
and Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Liquid Crystals
and Organophotonics Research Group, University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan S. Lawrence
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Marken
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jay D. Wadhawan
- Department
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, Humberside, United Kingdom
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Adly N, Feng L, Krause KJ, Mayer D, Yakushenko A, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Flexible Microgap Electrodes by Direct Inkjet Printing for Biosensing Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nouran Adly
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Materials Genome Institute; Shanghai University; 200444 Shanghai China
| | - Kay J. Krause
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology; Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Neuroelectronics; Munich School of Bioengineering; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM) & BCCN Munich; Boltzmannstrasse 11 85748 Garching Germany
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Menanteau T, Dabos-Seignon S, Levillain E, Breton T. Impact of the Diazonium Grafting Control on the Interfacial Reactivity: Monolayer versus Multilayer. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Sylvie Dabos-Seignon
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou; Université d'Angers, UMR CNRS 6200; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
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Kanaizuka K, Sasaki S, Nakabayashi T, Masunaga H, Ogawa H, Hikima T, Takata M, Haga MA. Observation of an Orientation Change in Highly Oriented Layer-by-Layer Films of a Ruthenium Complex upon Oxidation Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10327-10330. [PMID: 26359769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer films composed of redox-active ruthenium dimer and Zr(IV) ions were fabricated on an indium tin oxide electrode. The fabricating behavior was monitored by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis absorption spectral measurements. The orientation of the film was also monitored by grazing-incidence small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements, and it has been clarified that this film has a crystalline structure. The peaks obtained by GISAXS were changed upon oxidation reaction, which indicates that a change in the orientation of the ruthenium dimer occurred in the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Kanaizuka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Yamagata University , Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Sono Sasaki
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Faculty of Fiber Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Masunaga
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8 , Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ogawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masa-aki Haga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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Li M, Lewis GEM, James TD, Long YT, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Mitchels JM, Marken F. Oil|Water Interfacial Phosphate Transfer Facilitated by Boronic Acid: Observation of Unusually Fast Oil|Water Lateral Charge Transport. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Patel DB, Chauhan KR, Mukhopadhyay I. Revealing the charge transport mechanism of a photoelectrochemical cell: analysis using A.C. voltage perturbation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20900-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Eyley S, Shariki S, Dale SEC, Bending S, Marken F, Thielemans W. Ferrocene-decorated nanocrystalline cellulose with charge carrier mobility. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6514-6519. [PMID: 22486421 DOI: 10.1021/la3001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene-decorated cellulose nanowhiskers were prepared by the grafting of ethynylferrocene onto azide functionalized cotton-derived cellulose nanowhiskers using azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Successful surface modification and retention of the crystalline morphology of the nanocrystals was confirmed by elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The coverage with ferrocenyl is high (approximately 1.14 × 10(-3) mol g(-1) or 4.6 × 10(13) mol cm(-2) corresponding to a specific area of 61 Å(2) per ferrocene). Cyclic voltammetry measurements of films formed by deposition of ferrocene-decorated nanowhiskers showed that this small spacing of redox centers along the nanowhisker surface allowed conduction hopping of electrons. The apparent diffusion coefficient for electron (or hole) hopping via Fe(III/II) surface sites is estimated as Dapp = 10(-19) m(2)s(-1) via impedance methods, a value significantly less than nonsolvated ferrocene polymers, which would be expected as the 1,2,3-triazole ring forms a rigid linker tethering the ferrocene to the nanowhisker surface. In part, this is believed to be also due to "bottleneck" diffusion of charges across contact points where individual cellulose nanowhiskers contact each other. However, the charge-communication across the nanocrystal surface opens up the potential for use of cellulose nanocrystals as a charge percolation template for the preparation of conducting films via covalent surface modification (with applications similar to those using adsorbed conducting polymers), for use in bioelectrochemical devices to gently transfer and remove electrons without the need for a solution-soluble redox mediator, or for the fabrication of three-dimensional self-assembled conducting networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eyley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Cummings CY, Attard GA, Mitchels JM, Marken F. Surface State Trapping and Mobility Revealed by Junction Electrochemistry of Nano-Cr2O3. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrous chromium oxide nanoparticles (~15 nm diameter) are assembled from a colloidal solution onto tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates by layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition with aqueous carboxymethyl-cellulose sodium salt binder. Calcination produces purely inorganic mesoporous films (average thickness increase per layer of 1 nm) of chromia Cr2O3. When immersed in aqueous carbonate buffer at pH 10 and investigated by cyclic voltammetry, a chemically reversible oxidation is observed because of a conductive layer at the chromia surface (formed during initial potential cycling). This is attributed to a surface CrIII/IV process. At more positive potentials higher oxidation states are accessible before film dissolution. The effects of film thickness and pH on voltammetric responses are studied. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) evidence for higher chromium oxidation states is obtained. ITO junction experiments are employed to reveal surface conduction by CrIII/IV and CrIV/V ‘mobile surface states’ and an estimate is obtained for the apparent CrIII/IV charge surface diffusion coefficient Dapp = 10–13 m2 s–1. The junction experiment distinguishes mobile surface redox sites from energetically distinct deeper-sitting ‘trapped states’.
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