1
|
Fode TA, Chande Jande YA, Kivevele T. Effects of different supplementary cementitious materials on durability and mechanical properties of cement composite - Comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17924. [PMID: 37483707 PMCID: PMC10359888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ordinary Portland cement is the highest produced cement type in the world, however its production is high energy consumption means expensive, huge natural resource consumptive, and creating high environmental pollution. Hence many researchers studied to reduce the effect of ordinary Portland cement by substituting artificial and natural supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) commonly in a concrete/mortar mixture. However, the comprehensive effect of different SCMs on various properties of cement composite materials are not well known. So the present study sought to review the effect of different natural and artificial SCMs on the durability and mechanical properties of cement composites, especially due to their doses, types, chemical composition, and physical properties. Hence the review shows that many SCMs used by literatures from different places satisfy ASTM replacement standard based on their chemical compositions. Also, the review indicated as adding 5-20% of different SCMs positively affect mechanical properties, durability, and microstructures of the cement composite materials, specifically as most researchers found isolately adding of 15% SCMs such as bentonite, kaolin, and biomass, 20% addition of volcanic ash and 10% employment of fly ash, silica fume, and zeolite to the cement composites achieves the most optimum compressive and split tensile strength. These observations reveal that most natural pozzolana can more replace cement to give optimum strength, hence can more reduce energy consumption, production cost, and environmental pollution comes due to cement production. Furthermore, most researchers found employing different SCMs generally improves durability, however there is a limited study on the effect of silica fume on water absorption and acidic attack resistance of cementitious materials. Therefore, it is recommended that future research should also focus more to know the effect of silica fume on the durability of cement composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Amsalu Fode
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Yusufu Abeid Chande Jande
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Kivevele
- Department of Materials, Energy Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Futures (WISE-Futures) Centre of Excellence, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 9124, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Use of Cement and Bottom Ash in Deep Mixing Application for Stabilization of Soft Bangkok Clay. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
3
|
Zhou H, Bhattarai R, Li Y, Si B, Dong X, Wang T, Yao Z. Towards sustainable coal industry: Turning coal bottom ash into wealth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:149985. [PMID: 34508934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the world is gradually moving towards renewable energy resources, the coal industry will continue to be a major energy supply sector in the foreseeable future. However, by-products such as coal fly ash (CFA), coal bottom ash (CBA), and boiler slag are generated during coal combustion, and have become a significant environmental concern. There is an urgent need for transdisciplinary efforts in research, policy, and practice to reduce these by-products substantially. Many studies have focused on the environmental management and comprehensive utilization of CFA. As a comparison, less attention has been paid to CBA. Therefore, this critical review provides a holistic picture of CBA, from the generation, fundamental characteristics, environmental concerns to potential applications, and benefits analysis. Based on the fundamental characteristics, CBA can be considered as a sustainable and renewable resource with great potential to produce value-added materials. High-value applications and current research related to CBA, including construction and ceramic industry, wastewater remediation, soil amelioration, energy catalysis, valuable metals recovery, and material synthesis, are systemically presented and compared. It emphasizes the environmental and economic benefits of the sustainable applications of CBA as well. Particularly, it indicates that CBA is a promising candidate in normal, lightweight, self-compacting, and ultra-high-performance concrete, which shows a reduction in both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during concrete production. This work provides new insights into the greener and sustainable applications of CBA, and it will offer a practical guide for the sustainable development of the coal industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Rabin Bhattarai
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Buchun Si
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinxin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao H, Sun W, Wu X, Gao B. Sustainable self-compacting concrete containing high-amount industrial by-product fly ash as supplementary cementitious materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3616-3628. [PMID: 34392485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, utilizing large amount industrial by-product fly ash (FA) as the alternatives for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC) had attracted more attention. In this study, FA was employed in SCC at five levels (0 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 %). The mechanical behaviors, the water porosities, the transport properties, and the sustainability of FA series SCC were investigated. At the initial curing stage (3 days), the use of FA in SCC reduces mechanical properties and increases water porosity, water absorption and water absorption coefficient (sorptivity) of SCC. FA series SCC have the lower resistance against carbon dioxide attack and chloride ion penetration than cement-based SCC. The prolonging curing time is beneficial to improve the long-term behaviors of FA- blended SCC. After SCC made by 20 %, 30 %, and 40 % FA water-curing for 90 days, there are the reduction of 0.44-2.09 % in the mechanical behaviors and the increase of 0.082-0.41 % in the water porosity, compared to pure-cement SCC. Beyond the content of FA (40 %), the difference s of the mechanical properties and the water porosity between SCC with 50 % FA and fully cement SCC are below the value of 2.5 %. With the progress in the curing time, the largest reduction rates of the water absorption and the sorptivity in all SCC mixtures were found in 50 % FA-blended SCC. Utilizing 50 % FA in SCC reduces the total charge passed values of SCC. The manufacture of 50 % FA-blended SCC has the lowest energy consumption and released amounts of CO2, NOx, and SOx in all series SCC mixtures. The application of high-level FA to SCC is the positive assistance to prepare sustainable SCC with satisfying long-term behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Jiangsu Transportation Research Institute, Nanjing, 211112, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Jiangsu Transportation Research Institute, Nanjing, 211112, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Drljaca D, Vukic L, Dragic D, Borkovic A, Botic T, Dugic P, Papuga S, Solic M, Maletic S, Gvero P, Savkovic J. Leaching of heavy metals from wood biomass ash, before and after binding in cement composite. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc220217054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wood ash is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds. It is
heterogeneous in composition, which can vary considerably. Ash is mainly
disposed of in landfills, which poses a risk for air, soil and groundwater
contamination by trace elements. In order for wood biomass ash to be used as
a secondary raw material, it is necessary to perform leaching tests, to
determine which microelements it contains, and which of them could be
released into the environment during the ash disposal. Sequential extraction
showed that in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction, the most volatile
metals As, Cd, Zn and Pb are released the most from the ash of deciduous
trees, while the leaching of ash from coniferous trees is significantly
lower. The evaluation of risk assessment code (RAC) for the tested biomass
ash samples, indicates that Pb is a high-risk leaching element due to its
condensation on the ash particles. By performing TCLP (Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure) and SPLP (Synthetic Precipitation
Leaching Procedure) tests, it was established that the released
concentrations of tested metals are below the maximum allowable
concentration, given by the Regulation. The leaching tests of composites,
prepared from wood ash in combination with cement, indicate that the
leaching of ash is reduced to a minimum, and that all heavy metals are bound
in a cement matrix, which indicates the possibility of using wood ash for
construction purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Drljaca
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Vukic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dajana Dragic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aleksandra Borkovic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tatjana Botic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Pero Dugic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sasa Papuga
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marko Solic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snezana Maletic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Petar Gvero
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jelena Savkovic
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13148031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One effective method to minimize the increasing cost in the construction industry is by using coal bottom ash waste as a substitute material. The high volume of coal bottom ash waste generated each year and the improper disposal methods have raised a grave pollution concern because of the harmful impact of the waste on the environment and human health. Recycling coal bottom ash is an effective way to reduce the problems associated with its disposal. This paper reviews the current physical and chemical and utilization of coal bottom ash as a substitute material in the construction industry. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential of recycling bottom ash in the field of civil construction. This review encourages and promotes effective recycling of coal bottom ash and identifies the vast range of coal bottom ash applications in the construction industry.
Collapse
|
7
|
Utilization of By-Products and Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Structural Mortar for Sustainable Construction. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid growth in industrial development has raised the concern of proper disposal of the by-products generated in industries. Many of them may cause serious pollution to the air, land, and water if dumped in open landfills. Agricultural and municipal wastes also cause environmental issues if not managed properly. Besides, minimizing the carbon footprint has become a priority in every industry to slow down global warming and climate change effects. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) obtained from agricultural, industrial, municipal, and natural sources can decrease a significant amount of fossil fuel burning by reducing cement production and contribute to proper waste management. Also, SCMs can enhance desirable material properties like flowability, strength, and durability. Such materials may play a big role to meet the need of modern time for resilient construction. The effective application of SCMs in cement-based materials requires a clear understanding of their physical and chemical characteristics. Researchers studied how the flowability, strength, and durability properties of structural mortar change with the replacement of cement with different SCMs. Various experiments were conducted to examine the behavior of structural mortar in extreme conditions (e.g., high temperature). Many scholars have attempted to improve its performance with various treatment techniques. This article is an attempt to bring all the major findings of the recent relevant studies together, identify research gaps in the current state of knowledge on the utilization of SCMs in structural mortar, and give several recommendations for further study. The available results from recent studies have been reviewed, analyzed, and summarized in this article. A collection of the updated experimental findings will encourage and ease the use of various by-products and wastes as SCMs in structural mortar for sustainable construction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mushtaq F, Zahid M, Bhatti IA, Nasir S, Hussain T. Possible applications of coal fly ash in wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:27-46. [PMID: 30928793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Management of coal fly ash as a particulate byproduct of coal burning has become an issue to be solved right away due to environmental concerns related to soil, water, and air pollution. Many attempts have been made by researchers for the conversion of coal fly ash into useful products while searching feasible avenues for its sustainable utilization. Wastewater remediation using coal fly ash is one such attempt solving both waste management and water quality issues. The characteristics like morphology, surface area, porosity, and chemical composition (silica, alumina, iron oxide, titania, etc.) make coal fly ash amenable material for potential application in wastewater treatment. Few reports have summarized the coal fly ash utilization in wastewater treatment but solely discussed the adsorption. Besides adsorption, the current paper aims to highlight the possibilities of using coal fly ash in wastewater treatment by different technologies that extend the utilization scope in the domains of filtration, Fenton process, photocatalysis, and coagulation. The promising use of coal fly ash as an adsorbent, membrane filter, Fenton catalyst, photocatalyst, and as an integral part of these structures is reviewed. Finally, the current trends and future prospects on utilization modes of coal fly ash in wastewater treatment are stated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farwa Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan.
| | - Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Saqib Nasir
- Pakistan Science Foundation,1-Constiution Avenue G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tajamal Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Estokova A, Palascakova L, Kanuchova M. Study on Cr(VI) Leaching from Cement and Cement Composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E824. [PMID: 29690550 PMCID: PMC5923866 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an experimental study on hexavalent chromium leaching from cement samples and cement composites containing silica fume and zeolite additions that were subjected to various leaching agents. The water-soluble Cr(VI) concentrations in cements ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/kg and represented only 1.8% of the total chromium content. The presence of chromium compounds with both chromium oxidation states of III and VI was detected in the cement samples by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Leaching tests were performed in a Britton-Robinson buffer to simulate natural conditions and showed increased dissolution of Cr(VI) up to 6 mg/kg. The highest amount of leached hexavalent chromium was detected after leaching in HCl. The findings revealed that the leaching of chromium from cements was higher by 55⁻80% than that from the cement composites. A minimum concentration was observed for all cement samples when studying the relationship between the soluble Cr(VI) and the cement storage time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Estokova
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 04200, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Palascakova
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 04200, Slovakia.
| | - Maria Kanuchova
- Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnology, Institute of Montaneous Sciences and Environmental Protection, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenskeho 19, Kosice 04384, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramzi NIR, Shahidan S, Maarof MZ, Ali N. Physical and Chemical Properties of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) from Tanjung Bin Power Plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/160/1/012056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
11
|
Wang L, Kwok JSH, Tsang DCW, Poon CS. Mixture design and treatment methods for recycling contaminated sediment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:623-632. [PMID: 25464304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional marine disposal of contaminated sediment presents significant financial and environmental burden. This study aimed to recycle the contaminated sediment by assessing the roles and integration of binder formulation, sediment pretreatment, curing method, and waste inclusion in stabilization/solidification. The results demonstrated that the 28-d compressive strength of sediment blocks produced with coal fly ash and lime partially replacing cement at a binder-to-sediment ratio of 3:7 could be used as fill materials for construction. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that hydration products (calcium hydroxide) were difficult to form at high sediment content. Thermal pretreatment of sediment removed 90% of indigenous organic matter, significantly increased the compressive strength, and enabled reuse as non-load-bearing masonry units. Besides, 2-h CO2 curing accelerated early-stage carbonation inside the porous structure, sequestered 5.6% of CO2 (by weight) in the sediment blocks, and acquired strength comparable to 7-d curing. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated substantial weight loss corresponding to decomposition of poorly and well crystalline calcium carbonate. Moreover, partial replacement of contaminated sediment by various granular waste materials notably augmented the strength of sediment blocks. The metal leachability of sediment blocks was minimal and acceptable for reuse. These results suggest that contaminated sediment should be viewed as useful resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - June S H Kwok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Sun Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|