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Hernández-Del Castillo PC, Robledo-Trujillo G, Rodríguez-González V. Development of a visible-light-active-NiTiO 3 coating for the efficient removal of the persistent herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) from drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139628. [PMID: 37524267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present research work, the photocatalytic evaluation of NiTiO3 nanoparticles immobilized on glass plates by the spin-coating procedure was carried out in the degradation of the recalcitrant herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM). The concentrations of Ni employed to synthesize NiTiO3 nanoparticles were 1 wt% (1TESNi) and 2 wt% (2TESNi). The stability of coatings was evaluated by several washings and thermal treatments, which were verified by UV-vis analyses. The morphology of the coatings was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). The coatings displayed thickness values of 1.35 and 2.56 μm for TiO2 and 1TESNi, respectively. The crystalline phases of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the presence of NiTiO3 and other phases related to TiO2. The bandgap of 1TESNi, compared with the bare TiO2, was reduced from 2.96 to 2.40 eV as a consequence of Ni addition. The TiO2, 1TESNi and 2TESNi coatings were evaluated in the photodegradation of BAM using visible-light for 240 min. The highest effectiveness was displayed by the 1TESNi coating, obtaining degradation of 92.56% after 240 min. Also, the photocatalytic efficiency of the 1TESNi coating was only reduced 1.99% after 3 reuse cycles in the BAM degradation. The scavenger tests revealed that the main oxidizing species involved in the reaction were the •OH- and •O2- radicals. The 1TESNi coating showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency because of its absorption in the visible-light region, valuable surface area and electronic charge separation. Thus, these advantageous features guarantee that NiTiO3 coatings are an efficient method for degrading recalcitrant herbicides from drinking water using a practical way to recover and reuse photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Hernández-Del Castillo
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - G Robledo-Trujillo
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - V Rodríguez-González
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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2
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Singh S, Rawat M, Malyan SK, Singh R, Tyagi VK, Singh K, Kashyap S, Kumar S, Sharma M, Panday BK, Pandey RP. Global distribution of pesticides in freshwater resources and their remediation approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115605. [PMID: 36871947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of pesticides in enhancing global agricultural production is magnificent. However, their unmanaged use threatens water resources and individual health. A significant pesticide concentration leaches to groundwater or reaches surface waters through runoff. Water contaminated with pesticides may cause acute or chronic toxicity to impacted populations and exert adverse environmental effects. It necessitates the monitoring and removing pesticides from water resources as prime global concerns. This work reviewed the global occurrences of pesticides in potable water and discussed the conventional and advanced technologies for the removal of pesticides. The concentration of pesticides highly varies in freshwater resources across the globe. The highest concentration of α-HCH (6.538 μg/L, at Yucatan, Mexico), lindane (6.08 μg/L at Chilka lake, Odisha, India), 2,4, DDT (0.90 μg/L, at Akkar, Lebanon), chlorpyrifos (9.1 μg/L, at Kota, Rajasthan, India), malathion (5.3 μg/L, at Kota, Rajasthan, India), atrazine (28.0 μg/L, at Venado Tuerto City, Argentina), endosulfan (0.78 μg/L, at Yavtmal, Maharashtra, India), parathion (4.17 μg/L, at Akkar, Lebanon), endrin (3.48 μg/L, at KwaZuln-Natl Province, South Africa) and imidacloprid (1.53 μg/L, at Son-La province, Vietnam) are reported. Pesticides can be significantly removed through physical, chemical, and biological treatment. Mycoremediation technology has the potential for up to 90% pesticide removal from water resources. Complete removal of the pesticides through a single biological treatment approach such as mycoremediation, phytoremediation, bioremediation, and microbial fuel cells is still a challenging task, however, the integration of two or more biological treatment approaches can attain complete removal of pesticides from water resources. Physical methods along with oxidation methods can be employed for complete removal of pesticides from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Meenakshi Rawat
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Sandeep K Malyan
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dyal Singh Evening College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Kaptan Singh
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Civil Engineering Department, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273010, India
| | - Sujata Kashyap
- Axa Parenteral Limited, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sumant Kumar
- Groundwater Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Manish Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India
| | - B K Panday
- State Water and Sanitation Mission, Government of Uttarakhand, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - R P Pandey
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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Hernández-Del Castillo PC, Oliva J, Núñez-Luna BP, Rodríguez-González V. Novel polypropylene-TiO 2:Bi spherical floater for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of the recalcitrant 2,4,6-TCP herbicide. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117057. [PMID: 36549056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, spherical photocatalytic floaters were fabricated by depositing TiO2:Bi (TBi) particles on polypropylene (PP) spheres (recycled from beer cans). These particles were deposited on the sphere (TBi-sphere) by the spray coating technique and evaluated their performance for the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) herbicide. SEM images demonstrated that the BTi powders consisted in conglomerated grains with sizes of 20-80 nm and the analysis by X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of rutile and anatase phases in the BTi. The photocatalytic experiments showed that the TBi and TBi-sphere produced maximum degradation of 90 and 97% for 2,4,6-TCP, respectively, after 4 h under UV-Vis light. The photocatalytic powders/composites were reused 3 times and the loss of degradation efficiency was 3 and 16% for the TBi powder and TBi-sphere, respectively. This means that the TBi-sphere is more stable for the continuous degradation of the 2,4,6-TCP contaminant. The TiO2:Bi powder was compared with the commercial TiO2 (P25) and found that the TiO2:Bi powder had higher light absorption (≈42%) and higher surface area (≈105%) than the P25. Therefore, the degradation percentage for the 2,4,6-TCP was 52% higher in the sample doped with Bi. Also, scavenger experiments were carried out and found that the main oxidizing agents produced for the degradation of 2,4,6-TCP were •OH- radicals and •O2- anions. Other species such as h+ were also produced at lower amount. Hence, our results demonstrated that spherical/floatable photocatalytic composites are a viable option to remove herbicide residuals from the water, which is of interest in water-treatment-plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Hernández-Del Castillo
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - J Oliva
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - B P Núñez-Luna
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - V Rodríguez-González
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Deemter D, Oller I, Amat AM, Malato S. Advances in membrane separation of urban wastewater effluents for (pre)concentration of microcontaminants and nutrient recovery: A mini review. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Zhuo Q, Xu X, Xie S, Ren X, Chen Z, Yang B, Li Y, Niu J. Electro-oxidation of Ni (II)-citrate complexes at BDD electrode and simultaneous recovery of metallic nickel by electrodeposition. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 116:103-113. [PMID: 35219408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous electro-oxidation of Ni (II)-citrate and electrodeposition recovery of nickel metal were attempted in a combined electro-oxidation-electrodeposition reactor with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a polished titanium cathode. Effects of initial nickel citrate concentration, current density, initial pH, electrode spacing, electrolyte type, and initial electrolyte dosage on electrochemical performance were examined. The efficiencies of Ni (II)-citrate removal and nickel metal recovery were determined to be 100% and over 72%, respectively, under the optimized conditions (10 mA/cm2, pH 4.09, 80 mmol/L Na2SO4, initial Ni (II)-citrate concentration of 75 mg/L, electrode spacing of 1 cm, and 180 min of electrolysis). Energy consumption increased with increased current density, and the energy consumption was 0.032 kWh/L at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 (pH 6.58). The deposits at the cathode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These characterization results indicated that the purity of metallic nickel in cathodic deposition was over 95%. The electrochemical system exhibited a prospective approach to oxidize metal complexes and recover metallic nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongfang Zhuo
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shuibo Xie
- School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Xiuwen Ren
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhongying Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
| | - Yanliang Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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Kuchtová G, Mikulášek P, Dušek L. The role of dye’s structure on the degradation rate during indirect anodic oxidation. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Can the green energies improve the sustainability of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149991. [PMID: 34482137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The green powering of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation processes had been strongly discouraged. Low remediation efficiencies have been reported as a consequence of the reversibility of the transport processes when no power is applied to the electrodes, due to the intermittent powering of renewable sources. However, it has been missed a deeper evaluation from the environmental point of view. This work goes further and seeks to quantify, using life cycle assessment tools, the environmental impacts related to the electro-kinetic treatments powered by different sources: grid (Spanish energy mix), photovoltaic and wind sources. The global warming potential and the ozone depletion showed higher environmental impacts in case of using green energies, associated with the manufacturing of the energy production devices. In contrast to that, results pointed out the lowest water consumption for the treatment powered with solar panels. The huge water requirements to produce energy, considering a Spanish energy mix, drop the sustainability of this powering strategy in terms of water footprint. Regarding toxicities, the pollutant toxicity was highly got rid of after 15 days of treatment, regardless the powering source used. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of energy and green energy production devices has a huge impact into the toxicity of the remediation treatments, increasing massively the total toxicity of the process, being this effect less prominent by the electro-kinetic treatment solar powered. In view of the overall environmental impact assessed, according to mid and endpoint impact categories, it can be claimed that, despite the high energy requirements and affectation to the global warming potential, the use of solar power is a more sustainable alternative to remediate polluted soils by electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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8
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Salcedo MF, Mansilla AY, Colman SL, Iglesias MJ, Alvarez VA, Casalongué CA. Efficacy of an organically modified bentonite to adsorb 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and prevent its phytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113427. [PMID: 34346399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used due to it selective action, and preferential control of dicotyledonous weeds affecting cereal crops. Physiological responses of sensitive dicotyledonous plants to 2,4-D include growth retardation, senescence, and cell death. Due to soil and water contamination by agricultural practices, 2,4-D constitutes a potential risk to non-target plant species. In this work, the potential advantage of using organic modified bentonite (Bent) to adsorb 2,4-D and therefore mitigate damage produced by this herbicide on sensitive not-target vegetable species was investigated. Dodecylamine (DDA) was used as an organic modifier to change the hydrophilic nature of Bent into an organophilic matrix. The adsorption performances of 2,4-D by Bent-DDA were analyzed. The maximum adsorptions of 2,4-D (22.1 mg/L) from aqueous solution containing 1.0 or 2.5 mg/mL Bent-DDA were 40 and 80 %, respectively. The physical interaction of Bent-DDA with 2,4-D was characterized by Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biological functionality of Bent-DDA matrix as 2,4-D adsorbent was tested in a bioassay in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant model system. The primary root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings is strongly inhibited by low concentrations of 2,4-D. Arabidopsis seedlings submitted to Bent-DDA pre-treated herbicide aqueous solution showed similar root growth than 2,4-D non-treated seedlings. Finally, the ability of Bent-DDA to prevent 2,4-D phytotoxicity was exploratory investigated in lettuce plants. Lettuce plants pre-treated with 20 μg/mL Bent-DDA showed reduced sensitivity to 2,4-D including an increment on chlorophyll content and biomass compared with non-treated plants. Our findings revealed a promising scenario for the application of Bent-DDA as an effective adsorbent of 2,4-D at productive scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Salcedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB). UE CONICET-UNMDP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Deán Funes, 3250, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - A Y Mansilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB). UE CONICET-UNMDP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Deán Funes, 3250, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - S L Colman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB). UE CONICET-UNMDP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Deán Funes, 3250, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - M J Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB). UE CONICET-UNMDP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Deán Funes, 3250, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina; Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Alvarez
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA). UE CONICET-UNMDP, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Colón, 10850, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - C A Casalongué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB). UE CONICET-UNMDP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Deán Funes, 3250, (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Lu J, Zhang P, Li J. Electrocoagulation technology for water purification: An update review on reactor design and some newly concerned pollutants removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113259. [PMID: 34256295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage and quality deterioration are plaguing people all over the world. Providing sustainable and affordable treatment solutions to these problems is a need of the hour. Electrocoagulation (EC) technology is a burgeoning alternative for effective water treatment, which offers the virtues such as compact equipment, easy operation, and low sludge production. Compared to other water purification technologies, EC shows excellent removal efficacy for a wide range of contaminants in water and has great potential for addressing limitations of conventional water purification technologies. This review summarizes the latest development of principle, characteristics, and reactor design of EC. The design of key parameters including reactor shape, power supply type, current density, as well as electrode configuration is further elaborated. In particular, typical water treatment systems powered by renewable energy (solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems) are proposed. Further, this review provides an overview on expanded application of EC in the removal of some newly concerned pollutants in recent years, including arsenite, perfluorinated compounds, pharmaceuticals, oil, bacteria, and viruses. The removal efficiency and mechanisms of these pollutants are also discussed. Finally, future research trend and focus are further recommended. This review can bridge the large knowledge gap for the EC application that is beneficial for environmental researchers and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Economics and Management, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
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Diao Y, Wei F, Zhang L, Yang Y, Yao Y. Study on the preparation, characterization, and electrocatalytic performance of
Gd
‐doped
PbO
2
electrodes. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Diao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Liman Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yingwu Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
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11
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Improving the Treatment Efficiency and Lowering the Operating Costs of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP®) are promising technologies for the decentralized treatment of water and will be important elements in achieving a circular economy. To overcome the drawback of the high operational expenses of EAOP® systems, two novel reactors based on a next-generation boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless steel cathode or a hydrogen-peroxide-generating gas diffusion electrode (GDE) are presented. This reactor design ensures the long-term stability of BDD anodes. The application potential of the novel reactors is evaluated with artificial wastewater containing phenol (COD of 2000 mg L−1); the reactors are compared to each other and to ozone and peroxone systems. The investigations show that the BDD anode can be optimized for a service life of up to 18 years, reducing the costs for EAOP® significantly. The process comparison shows a degradation efficiency for the BDD–GDE system of up to 135% in comparison to the BDD–stainless steel electrode combination, showing only 75%, 14%, and 8% of the energy consumption of the BDD–stainless steel, ozonation, and peroxonation systems, respectively. Treatment efficiencies of nearly 100% are achieved with both novel electrolysis reactors. Due to the current density adaptation and the GDE integration, which result in energy savings as well as the improvements that significantly extend the lifetime of the BDD electrode, less resources and raw materials are consumed for the power generation and electrode manufacturing processes.
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Girón-Navarro R, Linares-Hernández I, Teutli-Sequeira EA, Martínez-Miranda V, Santoyo-Tepole F. Evaluation and comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D): a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26325-26358. [PMID: 33825107 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides have generated public concern worldwide because of their toxicity to human health and the environment, even at low concentrations, and their persistence, being mostly nonbiodegradable. The use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has increased in recent decades, causing severe water contamination. Several treatments have been developed to degrade 2,4-D. This manuscript presents an overview of the physicochemical characteristics, uses, regulations, environmental and human health impacts of 2,4-D, and different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to degrade this organic compound, evaluating and comparing operation conditions, efficiencies, and intermediaries. Based on this review, 2,4-D degradation is highly efficient in ozonation (system O3/plasma, 99.8% in 30 min). Photocatalytic, photo-Fenton, and electrochemical processes have the optimal efficiencies of degradation and mineralization: 97%/79.67% (blue TiO2 nanotube arrays//UV), 100%/98% (Fe2+/H2O2/UV), and 100%/84.3% (MI-meso SnO2), respectively. The ozonation and electrochemical processes show high degradation efficiencies, but energy costs are also high, and photocatalysis is more expensive with a separation treatment used to recover the catalyst in the solution. The Fenton process is a viable economic-environmental option, but degradation efficiencies are often low (50-70%); however, they are increased when solar UV radiation is used (90-100%). AOPs are promising technologies for the degradation of organic pollutants in real wastewater, so evaluating their strengths and weaknesses is expected to help select viable operational conditions and obtain optimal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Girón-Navarro
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Elia Alejandra Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
- Cátedras del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor. Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P 03940, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Fortunata Santoyo-Tepole
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de México, México
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13
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Rodrigues Pinto B, Linares JJ, de Vasconcelos Lanza MR, de Lourdes Souza F. UV-irradiation and BDD-based photoelectrolysis for the treatment of halosulfuron-methyl herbicide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26762-26771. [PMID: 33495947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation technique based on UV-C irradiation and boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and its application for the effective removal of the commercial herbicide halosulfuron-methyl (HSM). The study evaluated the influence of the following key operating variables in the photoelectrochemical process: current density, pH, temperature, and initial HSM concentration. With regard to HSM degradation/mineralization, the application of high current densities was found to be more advantageous once it promoted a more rapid degradation and mineralization, with 96% of total organic carbon removal, though the process became more energy-demanding over time. The initial concentration of HSM did not modify the relative degradation rate, though the degradation process became more efficient as expected in a mass-transfer controlled process. The use of acidic pH (pH 3) was found to be more suitable than neutral conditions; this is probably because an anionic resonant form of HSM may be formed in neutral conditions. The temperature level was also found to affect the rate of HSM removal and the degradation efficiency. Finally, the substitution of Na2SO4 by NaCl promoted a more rapid and effective degradation; this is attributed to high production of powerful oxidants. However, only 70% mineralization was reached after 3 h of treatment; this is probably related to the formation of recalcitrant chlorinated sub-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodrigues Pinto
- Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of ABC, CEP 09210-580, Avenida dos Estados, Santo André, SP, 5001, Brazil
| | - Jose Joaquin Linares
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, CEP 71605-00, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda de Lourdes Souza
- Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Federal University of ABC, CEP 09210-580, Avenida dos Estados, Santo André, SP, 5001, Brazil.
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14
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Millán M, García-Orozco VM, Lobato J, Fernández-Marchante CM, Roa-Morales G, Linares-Hernández I, Natividad R, Rodrigo MA. Toward more sustainable photovoltaic solar electrochemical oxidation treatments: Influence of hydraulic and electrical distribution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112064. [PMID: 33588169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Powering electrochemical technologies with renewable energies is a promising way to get more sustainable environmental remediation techniques. However, the operational conditions of those processes must be optimized to undergo fast and efficient treatments. In this work, the influence of electrical and hydraulic connections in the performance of a set of two electrolyzers directly powered by photovoltaic panels was evaluated. Despite both electrolyzers were assembled using the same electrode material, they showed different performances. Results indicate that the electrolyzer with higher ohmic resistance and higher overpotential attained a greater production of oxidant species, being produced under the most efficient strategy around 4.8 and 15.1 mmol of oxidants per Ah by electrolyzer 1 and 2, respectively. Nevertheless, an excess of oxidant production because of an inefficient energy management, led to low removal efficiencies as a consequence of a waste of energy into undesirable reactions. Regarding the hydraulic distribution of wastewater between the cells, it was found to influence on the total remediation attained, being the serial connection 2.5 and 1.8 more efficient than a parallel wastewater distribution under series and parallel electrical strategies, respectively. Regarding electrical strategies, parallel connections maximize the use of power produced by the photovoltaic panels. Furthermore, this allows the system to work under lower current densities, reducing the mass transfer limitations. Considering both advantages, a hydraulic connection of the cells in series and an electrical connection in parallel was found to reach the highest specific removal of pollutant, 2.52 mg clopyralid (Wh)-1. Conversely, the opposite strategy (parallel hydraulic connection-series electrical connection) showed the lowest remediation ratio, 0.48 mg clopyralid (Wh)-1. These results are important to be considered in the design of electrolytic treatments of waste directly powered by photovoltaic panels, because they show the way to optimize the cells stack layout in full-scale applications, exhibiting significant impact on the sustainability of the electrochemical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V M García-Orozco
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - G Roa-Morales
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - I Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA). Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - R Natividad
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Fernández-Marchante CM, Souza FL, Millán M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Improving sustainability of electrolytic wastewater treatment processes by green powering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142230. [PMID: 33254883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the evaluation of the impact of powering electrolytic wastewater treatment processes with grid or renewable energy on the sustainability of this electrochemical remediation technology. To face this goal, it was performed an inventory of three bench-scale plants made up by the same treatment technology but powered from different supplies: connected to grid and directly coupled with solar photovoltaic panels or a wind turbine. Results show that the powering mode can significantly affect the environmental risks of the treatment, not only in terms of electricity demand but also on the formation of intermediates, which are more important in the cases in which the intensity profile varied. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out in order to quantify the environmental impacts of green powering electrolytic wastewater treatment processes. Ecoinvent 3.3 data base, AWARE, USEtox, IPPC and ReCiPe methodologies are used to quantify the environmental burden into 5 midpoint (water footprint, global warming 100a, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity) and 17 endpoint impact categories. All impact categories are higher in the case in which the supplied power cames from a electricity grid mix. For the removal of 0.1 g 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) per liter (functional unit) of treated wastewater releases 0.14 kg CO2 eq. If the energy is provided by a wind turbine or a solar panel the processes emit 0.020 kg CO2 eq and 0.019 kg CO2 eq, respectively. A comparison of the impact based on the grid mix used in different countries is also made, which has pointed out the relevance of this input on the sustainability of the environmental electrochemical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Sustainability in ElectroKinetic Remediation Processes: A Critical Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of suitable technologies for the remediation of environmental contaminations has attracted considerable attention. Among these, electrochemical approaches have gained prominence thanks to the many possible applications and their proven effectiveness. This is particularly evident in the case of inorganic/ionic contaminants, which are not subject to natural attenuation (biological degradation) and are difficult to treat adequately with conventional methods. The purpose of this contribution is to present a critical overview of electrokinetic remediation with particular attention on the sustainability of the various applications. The basis of technology will be briefly mentioned, together with the phenomena that occur in the soil and how that will allow its effectiveness. The main critical issues related to this approach will then be presented, highlighting the problems in terms of sustainability, and discussing some possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact and increase the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of this promising technology.
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Rodríguez-González V, Obregón S, Patrón-Soberano OA, Terashima C, Fujishima A. An approach to the photocatalytic mechanism in the TiO 2-nanomaterials microorganism interface for the control of infectious processes. APPLIED CATALYSIS. B, ENVIRONMENTAL 2020; 270:118853. [PMID: 32292243 DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The approach of this timely review considers the current literature that is focused on the interface nanostructure/cell-wall microorganism to understand the annihilation mechanism. Morphological studies use optical and electronic microscopes to determine the physical damage on the cell-wall and the possible cell lysis that confirms the viability and microorganism death. The key parameters of the tailoring the surface of the photoactive nanostructures such as the metal functionalization with bacteriostatic properties, hydrophilicity, textural porosity, morphology and the formation of heterojunction systems, can achieve the effective eradication of the microorganisms under natural conditions, ranging from practical to applications in environment, agriculture, and so on. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive review of the microorganism/nanomaterial interface approach has rarely been conducted. The final remarks point the ideal photocatalytic way for the effective prevention/eradication of microorganisms, considering the resistance that the microorganism could develop without the appropriate regulatory aspects for human and ecosystem safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rodríguez-González
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sergio Obregón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, CICFIM-Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Av. Universidad S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Olga A Patrón-Soberano
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a, Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Chiaki Terashima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science & Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Mamelkina MA, Herraiz-Carboné M, Cotillas S, Lacasa E, Sáez C, Tuunila R, Sillanpää M, Häkkinen A, Rodrigo MA. Treatment of mining wastewater polluted with cyanide by coagulation processes: A mechanistic study. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Acosta-Santoyo G, Llanos J, Raschitor A, Bustos E, Cañizares P, Rodrigo M. Performance of ultrafiltration as a pre-concentration stage for the treatment of oxyfluorfen by electrochemical BDD oxidation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Zhang L, Wei F, Zhao Q, Chen X, Yao Y. Electrochemical degradation of bromophenol blue on porous PbO2–ZrO2 composite electrodes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-04040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Electrochemical degradation of neutral red on PbO2/α-Al2O3 composite electrodes: Electrode characterization, byproducts and degradation mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Hamad H, Bassyouni D, El-Ashtoukhy ES, Amin N, Abd El-Latif M. Electrocatalytic degradation and minimization of specific energy consumption of synthetic azo dye from wastewater by anodic oxidation process with an emphasis on enhancing economic efficiency and reaction mechanism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:501-512. [PMID: 29121592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work focused on the knowledge-based methodology for the development of an electrochemical system, enabling simultaneous optimization of various operating parameters such as current density (j), initial dye concentration (Co), NaCl concentration (CN) for the mineralization of Reactive Violet 2 (RV-2) and Acid Brown 14 (AB-14) dye on the efficiency of removal, energy consumption (EC), Chemical Oxygen Demands (COD), apparent rate constants (kapp) and Electrical Energy per Order (EEO) all of which have been examined. The relationship between kapp and EEO is also discussed. The degradation efficiency and kapp always rising at higher j and lower Co and CN while EC, EEO, and operating cost increased at higher j, Co and CN. On the other hand, The COD increased with decrease j, Co and higher CN. Due to the strong formation of hydroxyl radicals from water discharge, the graphite electrode possesses a strong power of electro-generation rate and competitive wasting reactions of organic compounds. The results demonstrated that the relatively high dye removal, COD and low specific energy consumption are obtained simultaneously only if the various parameters are regulated to a plausible value j of 79Am-2, Co of 100mg/L and CN of 1g/L within 60min of electrolysis. The color removal efficiency is much faster for RV-2 compared to AB-14 due to the contribution of azo bond in the dye molecule. Also, the EC and kapp are higher for RV-2 than AB-14 while is lower in terms of EEO and COD. A comprehensive reaction sequence of RV-2 and AB-14 mineralization involving all oxidation products was proposed. Formation and evolution of aromatic and aliphatic (short-chain carboxylic acids) intermediates during the treatment and a mineralization pathway is proposed. The estimated cost of operation for degradation at optimum conditions is calculated as 1.54 and 1.29 USD m-3/g dye for complete degradation RV-2 and AB-14, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Hamad
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Bassyouni
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - El-Sayed El-Ashtoukhy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Nevin Amin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Mona Abd El-Latif
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
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Influence of the water hardness on the performance of electro-Fenton approach: Decolorization and mineralization of Eriochrome Black T. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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