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Vaz T, Quina MMJ, Martins RC, Gomes J. Olive mill wastewater treatment strategies to obtain quality water for irrigation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172676. [PMID: 38670378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The olive mill industry is a relevant sector in the economy of Mediterranean countries, while it involves high consumption of water and the production of effluents with high environmental impact. The efficient treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) is of high relevance, particularly for these countries. Climate changes are leading to increasing periods of droughts, and water recovery from polluted streams is essential to ensure the sustainability of this scarce resource. A combination of various technologies involving physical, chemical, and biological processes has been developed for OMW treatment. However, the treatments studied have limitations such as the operation costs, difficulty of industrial scale-up, and the fact that the vast majority do not lead to suitable treated water for discharge/reuse. As such, it is urgent to develop a solution capable of efficiently treating this effluent, overcoming the disadvantages of existing processes to convert OMW from a serious environmental problem into a valuable source of water and nutrients. In this review, several studies based on the OMW treatment are critically discussed, from conventional approaches such as the physical (e.g. centrifugation, filtration, and adsorption) and biological (anaerobic digestion and anaerobic co-digestion) processes, to the most recent technologies such as advanced membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and sulfate radical based AOPs (SR-AOPs). Due to the complexity of the effluent, OMW cannot be efficiently treated by a single process, requiring a sequence of technologies before reaching the required characteristics for discharge into water courses or use in crop irrigation. Reviewing the published results in this matter, it seems that the sequence of processes encompassing ozonation, anaerobic digestion, and SR-AOPs could be the ideal combination for this purpose. However, membrane technologies may be necessary in the final stage of treatment so that the effluent meets legal discharge or irrigation limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Vaz
- University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida M J Quina
- University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Gomes
- University of Coimbra, CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal..
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Cheng YW, Chong CC, Cheng CK, Wang CH, Ng KH, Witoon T, Lam MK, Lim JW. Long-term evaluation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming over lanthanum-based perovskite oxides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119919. [PMID: 38157572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
To replace the obsolete ponding system, palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming (SR) over net-acidic LaNiO3 and net-basic LaCoO3 were proposed as the POME primary treatments, with promising H2-rich syngas production. Herein, the long-term evaluation of POME SR was scrutinized with both catalysts under the optimal conditions (600 °C, 0.09 mL POME/min, 0.3 g catalyst, & 74-105 μm catalyst particle size) to examine the catalyst microstructure changes, transient process stability, and final effluent evaluation. Extensive characterization proved the (i) adsorption of POME vapour on catalysts before SR, (ii) deposition of carbon and minerals on spent SR catalysts, and (iii) dominance of coking deactivation over sintering deactivation at 600 °C. Despite its longer run, spent LaCoO3 (50.54 wt%) had similar carbon deposition with spent LaNiO3 (50.44 wt%), concurring with its excellent coke resistance. Spent LaCoO3 (6.12 wt%; large protruding crystals) suffered a harsher mineral deposition than spent LaNiO3 (3.71 wt%; thin film coating), confirming that lower reactivity increased residence time of reactants. Transient syngas evolution of both SR catalysts was relatively steady up to 4 h but perturbed by coking deactivation thereafter. La2O2CO3 acted as an intermediate species that hastened the coke removal via reverse Boudouard reaction upon its decarbonation. La2O2CO3 decarbonation occurred continuously in LaCoO3 system but intermittently in LaNiO3 system. LaNiO3 system only lasted for 13 h as its compact ash blocked the gas flow. LaCoO3 system lasted longer (17 h) with its porous ash, but it eventually failed because KCl crystallites blocked its active sites. Relatively, LaCoO3 system offered greater net H2 production (72.78%) and POME treatment volume (30.77%) than LaNiO3 system. SR could attain appreciable POME degradation (>97% COD, BOD5, TSS, & colour intensity). Withal, SR-treated POME should be polished to further reduce its incompliant COD and BOD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Wang Cheng
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 138602, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Chi Cheng Chong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 138602, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Kim Hoong Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Thongthai Witoon
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Man Kee Lam
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yazici Guvenc S, Tunc S. Alternative treatment of olive mill wastewater by combined sulfate radical-based advanced electrocoagulation processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10951. [PMID: 38031510 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of advanced electrocoagulation (EC) process for the treatment of olive mill wastewater. In EC process, iron plates were used as electrodes, and peroxydisulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were added as oxidants. The effects of the initial pH value, current density, oxidant dose, and electrolysis time were optimized for pollutant removal from olive mill wastewater by EC-PS and EC-PMS processes. Control experiments showed that addition of oxidants to the conventional EC process increased the pollutant removal efficiency. Classical optimization method was used to determine optimum conditions, which were initial pH 4, current density 40 mA/cm2 , oxidant dose 5 g/L, and electrolysis time 30 min for both processes. Under these conditions, EC-PS and EC-PMS processes achieved 50.5% and 48.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 93.8% and 89.3% total phenol, 87.7% and 83% UV254 , and 74.5% and 64.1% total suspended solid removal efficiencies. Quenching experiments were performed to determine the dominant radical species participating in the processes. It was observed that hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were involved in both processes but hydroxyl radicals were more active. Specific energy consumption was calculated as 5.90 kWh/kg COD for EC process, 4.95 kWh/kg COD for EC-PS process, and 5.20 kWh/kg COD for EC-PMS process. The organic removal/sludge ratio of EC-PS process was found to be higher with 17.5 g/L value. Although the application of EC-PS and EC-PMS processes alone is insufficient to meet the discharge limits, they have been found to be effective in olive mill wastewater treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Peroxydisulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced electrocoagulation (EC) was used in olive mill wastewater treatment. 50.5% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 93.8% TP, 87.7% UV254 , and 74.5% TSS removals were achieved by EC-PS. 48.9% COD, 89.3% TP, 83% UV254 , and 64.1% TSS removals were obtained by EC-PMS. Hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were involved in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Yazici Guvenc
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Tunc
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Meena R AA, J M, Banu J R, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Piechota G, Kumar G. A review on the pollution assessment of hazardous materials and the resultant biorefinery products in Palm oil mill effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121525. [PMID: 37062401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The voluminous nature of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is directly associated with environmental hazards and could be turned into biorefinery products. The POME, rich in BOD, COD, and oil and grease, with few hazardous materials such as siloxanes, fatty acid methyl ester, and phenolic compounds that may significantly increase the risk of violating the effluent quality standards. Recently, the application of chemical and biological risk assessment that can use electrochemical sensors and microalgae-like species has gained paramount attention towards its remediation. This review describes the existing risk assessment for POME and recommends a novel assessment approach using fish species including invasive ones as suitable for identifying the toxicants. Various physico-chemical and biological treatments such as adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, photo-oxidation, solar-assisted extraction, anaerobic digestion, integrated anaerobic-aerobic, and microalgae cultivation has been investigated. This paper offers an overview of anaerobic technologies, with particular emphasis on advanced bioreactors and their prospects for industrial-level applications. To illustrate, palmitic acid and oleic acid, the precursors of fatty acid methyl ester found in POME pave the way to produce biodiesel with 91.45%. Although there are some challenges in attaining production at an economic scale, this review offers some opportunities that could help in overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Alias Meena R
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Merrylin J
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sadakathullah Appa College, Tirunelveli, 627011, India
| | - Rajesh Banu J
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamilnadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, 610005, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4036, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Soo PL, Bashir MJK, Wong LP. Recent advancements in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using anaerobic biofilm reactors: Challenges and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115750. [PMID: 35933874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil is the most utilized vegetable globally which is mostly produced in countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The great amount of POME generation from palm oil mills is now a threat to the environment and require a suitable treatment of POME to reduce the organic strength in accordance with the standard discharge limit before releasing to the environment. Currently, the technology to combine the anaerobic process and biofilm system in bioreactors have produced a fresh idea in treatments of high strength wastewater like POME. Anaerobic biofilm reactor is a convincing method for POME treatment due to its significant advantages over the conventional biological treatments consisting of anaerobic, aerobic and facultative pond systems. Overall, integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) can remove more than 99% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) with the combination of anaerobic and aerobic digestion for POME treatment. It has better performance as compared to up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and up-flow anaerobic filter (UAF) with 80% and 88-94% COD removal efficiency respectively. Anaerobic pond was found to perform well also by removing 97.8% of COD in POME but require long retention time and larger land. Hence, this study aims to provide intensive review of the performance of the anaerobic biofilm reactor in treating POME and the recent advancements in this technology. The limitations and future perspectives in utilization of anaerobic biofilm reactor during its operation in treating POME are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ling Soo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed J K Bashir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Lai-Peng Wong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
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Domingues E, Silva MJ, Vaz T, Gomes J, Martins RC. Sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes for agro-industrial effluents treatment: A comparative review with Fenton's peroxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155029. [PMID: 35390368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastewater management becomes a major task while environmental regulations are becoming stricter worldwide. Agro-industrial wastewaters are known by high content of organic pollutants that cause an adverse effect on the water bodies. Industries are looking for efficient, easy-to-use and affordable treatment processes. Sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes (S-AOPs) are arising as suitable alternatives for agro-industrial effluents treatment. In this review, the major findings regarding the application of this technology for real agro-industrial wastewater depuration are discussed. Moreover, these technologies are compared as an alternative to Fenton's process, which is a widely studied advanced oxidation process and with high efficiency in the treatment of agro-industrial effluents. The studies already carried out are promising, but there is still a great lack of studies in this area and using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domingues
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Silva
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telma Vaz
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Gomes
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164821. [PMID: 34443408 PMCID: PMC8401330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex wastewater matrices present a major environmental concern. Besides the biodegradable organics, they may contain a great variety of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other xenobiotics. The electrochemically activated persulfate process, an efficient way to generate sulfate radicals, has been widely applied to the degradation of such complex effluents with very good results. This review presents the fundamentals of the electro-persulfate processes, highlighting the advantages and limitations, followed by an exhaustive evaluation on the application of this process for the treatment of complex industrial effluents. An overview of the main relevant experimental parameters/details and their influence on the organic load removal is presented and discussed, having in mind the application of these technologies at an industrial scale. Finally, the future perspectives for the application of the electro-persulfate processes in the treatment of complex wastewater matrices is outlined.
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Elazzouzi M, Haboubi K, Elyoubi M, El Kasmi A. Development of a novel electrocoagulation anode for real urban wastewater treatment: Experimental and modeling study to optimize operative conditions. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Applications of Fenton oxidation processes for decontamination of palm oil mill effluent: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Yashni G, Al-Gheethi A, Radin Mohamed RMS, Arifin SNH, Mohd Salleh SNA. Conventional and advanced treatment technologies for palm oil mill effluents: a systematic literature review. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1788950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Yashni
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Cluster of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Adel Al-Gheethi
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Cluster of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Cluster of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Cluster of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Aishah Mohd Salleh
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Cluster of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environmental, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
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Zangeneh H, Zinatizadeh AA, Zinadini S, Feyzi M, Rafiee E, Bahnemann DW. A novel L-Histidine (C, N) codoped-TiO 2-CdS nanocomposite for efficient visible photo-degradation of recalcitrant compounds from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:384-397. [PMID: 30784968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of current study is to synthesis novel visible driven photocatalysts (L-Histidine (C, N) codoped-TiO2-CdS) with different loadings of L-Hisitdine (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) and CdS (1:9, 7:1, and 1:5 mass ratios of CdS to TiO2). Then, their application for photo-degradation of methyl orange (MO) and biologically treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) were studied. The structure, optical properties, and morphology of the prepared nanocomposites were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). DRS results indicated that all the modified samples with different L-Hisitdine and CdS loadings showed a red shift to visible region. The results of photo-degradation experiments showed that L-Hisitdine with a weight fraction of 2% and mass ratio of TiO2 to CdS of 7:1 were the optimum amount of the modifiers in the photocatalyst network. The PL intensity of the photocatalyst decreased with addition of L-Hisitdine and CdS nanoparticles due to a decrease in e-/h+ recombination. The effects of organic pollutant concentration, initial pH, catalyst concentration, and irradiation time on the photo-degradation process of MO and POME were studied using full faced centered central composite design (CCFD) under response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained results showed that MO was completely removed at initial concentration of 10 mg/L, acidic pH, and catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L after 120 min. The complete degradation of biologically treated POME was achieved at original pH, 300 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, catalyst loading of 2 g/L, and irradiation time of 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Zangeneh
- Environmental Research Center (ERC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Razi University, P.O. Box: 67149, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Zinatizadeh
- Environmental Research Center (ERC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Razi University, P.O. Box: 67149, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Sirus Zinadini
- Environmental Research Center (ERC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Razi University, P.O. Box: 67149, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Feyzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149, Iran
| | - Ezzat Rafiee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149, Iran
| | - Detlef W Bahnemann
- Institut fuer Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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