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Singh A, Chauhan S, Varjani S, Pandey A, Bhargava PC. Integrated approaches to mitigate threats from emerging potentially toxic elements: A way forward for sustainable environmental management. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112844. [PMID: 35101398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as toxic metal (loid)s and other emerging hazardous contaminants, exist in the environment and poses a serious threat. A large amount of wastewater containing PTEs such as cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc, etc. Release from industries during production process. Besides these, chemical-based fertilizers used in soils during crop production have become one of the crucial sources of PTEs. Various techniques are being employed for the mitigation of PTEs like chemical precipitation, ion exchange, coagulation, activated carbon, adsorption, membrane filtration, and bioremediation. Among these mitigation strategies, biological processes such as bioremediation, phytoremediation etc. Are extensively used, as they are economic have high-efficiency rate and are eco-friendly. This review intends to provide information on PTEs contamination through various sources; along with the toxicity of metal (loid)s with respect to their patterns of transmission and risks in the changing environment. Various remediation methods for the management of these pollutants along with their techno-economic perspective are also summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shraddha Chauhan
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Transnational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007,Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi Bhargava
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hydrometallurgical Process and Economic Evaluation for Recovery of Zinc and Manganese from Spent Alkaline Batteries. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10091175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An innovative, efficient, and economically viable process for the recycling of spent alkaline batteries is presented herein. The developed process allows for the selective recovery of Zn and Mn metals present in alkaline batteries. The hydrometallurgical process consists of a physical pre-treatment step for separating out the metal powder containing Zn and Mn, followed by a chemical treatment step for the recovery of these metals. Sulfuric acid was used for the first leaching process to dissolve Zn(II) and Mn(II) into the leachate. After purification, Mn was recovered in the form of MnO2, and Zn in its metal form. Furthermore, during the second sulfuric acid leaching, Na2S2O5 was added for the conversion of Mn(IV) to Mn(II) (soluble in the leachate), allowing Mn to be recovered as MnCO3. Masses of 162 kg of Zn metal and 215 kg of Mn (both in the form of MnO2 and MnCO3) were recovered from one ton of spent alkaline batteries. The direct operating costs (chemicals, labor operation, utilities, energy) and indirect costs (amortization, interest payment) required for a plant treating 8 tons of spent batteries per day was calculated to be $CAD 726 and $CAD 534 per ton, respectively, while the total revenue from the sale of the metals was calculated at $CAD 1359.6 per ton of spent batteries. The development of this type of cost-effective industrial process is necessary for a circular economy, as it contributes to addressing environment- and energy-related issues, and creates opportunities for the economic utilization of metals.
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