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Senusi W, Ahmad MI, Binhweel F, Shalfoh E, Alsaedi S, Shakir MA. Biodiesel production and characteristics from waste frying oils: sources, challenges, and circular economic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33239-33258. [PMID: 38696017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Biodiesel serves as a viable alternative to traditional diesel due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and lower environmental footprint. Among the diverse edible and inedible feedstocks, waste frying oil emerges as a promising and affordable feedstock for biodiesel production. Commonly waste frying oils include those derived from palm, corn, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, and canola. The primary challenge related to biodiesel production technologies is the high production cost, which poses a significant barrier to its widespread adoption. Thus, refining the production techniques is essential to enhance yield, reduce capital expenditure, and curtail raw material expenses. An examination of the research focusing on feedstock availability, production, hurdles, operational expenditures, and future potential is pivotal for identifying the most economically and technically viable solutions. This paper critically reviews such research by exploring feedstock availability, production techniques, challenges, and costs intrinsic to biodiesel synthesis. It also underscores the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, shedding light on the pivotal factors that influence profitability, especially when leveraging waste frying oils. Through an in-depth understanding of these considerations, optimal production and feedstock choices for biodiesel production can be identified. Addressing cost and production bottlenecks could potentially enhance the economic viability of waste frying oil-based biodiesel, thus fostering both environmental sustainability and more extensive adoption of biodiesel as an environmental-friendly fuel in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardah Senusi
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Fozy Binhweel
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Shalfoh
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sami Alsaedi
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Aliff Shakir
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Bhatia SK, Patel AK, Yang YH. The green revolution of food waste upcycling to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00066-0. [PMID: 38582658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the urgent need for food waste upcycling as a response to the mounting global food waste crisis. Focusing on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as an alternative to traditional plastics, it examines the potential of various food wastes as feedstock for microbial fermentation and PHA production. The upcycling of food waste including cheese whey, waste cooking oil, coffee waste, and animal fat is an innovative practice for food waste management. This approach not only mitigates environmental impacts but also contributes to sustainable development and economic growth. Downstream processing techniques for PHAs are discussed, highlighting their role in obtaining high-quality materials. The study also addresses sustainability considerations, emphasizing biodegradability and recycling, while acknowledging the challenges associated with this path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen VDH, Huynh TNP, Nguyen TTT, Ho HH, Trinh LTP, Nguyen AQ. Expression and characterization of a lipase EstA from Bacillus subtilis KM-BS for application in bio-hydrolysis of waste cooking oil. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106419. [PMID: 38110109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A lipase EstA from Bacillus subtilis KM-BS was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The recombinant enzyme achieved high activity (49.67 U/mL) with protein concentration of 1.29 mg/mL under optimal conditions at the large-scale expression of 6 h and post-induction time at 30 °C using 0.1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The optimal temperature and pH of the purified enzyme were at 45-55 °C and pH 8.0 - 9.0, respectively. Activity of the purified enzyme was stable in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+; stimulated by 1 mM Mg2+ and Mn2+, and inhibited by Fe3+. A significant amount of fatty acids was released during the hydrolysis of waste cooking oil under the catalysis of purified lipase, indicating that this recombinant lipase showed promise as a suitable candidate in industrial fields, particularly in biodiesel and detergent sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh D H Nguyen
- Khai Minh Technology Group - KMTG, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Trang N P Huynh
- Khai Minh Technology Group - KMTG, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thao T T Nguyen
- Khai Minh Technology Group - KMTG, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hai H Ho
- Khai Minh Technology Group - KMTG, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ly T P Trinh
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Q Nguyen
- Khai Minh Technology Group - KMTG, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Orozco CR, Tangtermsirikul S, Sugiyama T, Babel S. Comparative environmental assessment of low and high CaO fly ash in mass concrete mixtures for enhanced sustainability: Impact of fly ash type and transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116579. [PMID: 37423372 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fly ash type on the sustainability of concrete mixtures has yet to be quantified. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of low calcium oxide (CaO) and high CaO fly ash in mass concrete mixtures from Thailand. The study analyzed 27 concrete mixtures with varying percentages of fly ash as a cement replacement (0%, 25%, and 50%) for 30 MPa, 35 MPa, and 40 MPa compressive strengths at specified design ages of 28 and 56 days. Sources of fly ash have been located between 190 km and 600 km away from batching plants. The environmental impacts were assessed using SimaPro 9.3 software. The global warming potential of concrete is reduced by 22-30.6% and 44-51.4% when fly ash, regardless of type, is used at 25% and 50%, respectively, in comparison with pure cement concrete. High CaO fly ash has more environmental benefits than low CaO fly ash when utilized as a cement substitute. The reduction in environmental burden was most significant for the midpoint categories of mineral resource scarcity (10.2%), global warming potential (8.8%), and water consumption (8.2%) for the 40 MPa, 56-day design with 50% fly ash replacement. The longer design age (56 days) for fly ash concrete showed better environmental performance. However, long-distance transport significantly affects ionizing radiation and ecotoxicity indicators for terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. Furthermore, the results show that a high cement replacement level (50%) may not always have a reduced environmental impact on mass concrete when considering long-distance transportation. The critical distance calculated based on ecotoxicity indicators was shorter than those calculated using global warming potential. The results of this study can provide insights for developing policies to increase concrete sustainability using different types of fly ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Orozco
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, PO Box 22, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand; Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan, Sapporo, 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Somnuk Tangtermsirikul
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, PO Box 22, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan, Sapporo, 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sandhya Babel
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, PO Box 22, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand.
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Gonçalves MLMBB, Maximo GJ. Circular Economy in the Food Chain: Production, Processing and Waste Management. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 3:1-19. [PMID: 36531659 PMCID: PMC9747261 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-022-00243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Food processing, from agricultural production to domestic consumption, is responsible for generating great amounts of waste per year, resulting in soil, water, and air pollution. These pollutants, together with the uses of petrochemical process inputs such as solvents, additives, or fuels, increase the food chain's environment impacts resulting in wasted resources. In response to this scenario, the circular economy (CE) theory is presented in literature as a liable alternative for the design of more sustainable production chains. In this context, this work was aimed at evaluating the literature's approach on the CE concept within the food processing and food waste management. The works show the centrality of "food waste" as a focus for the application of the CE. However, despite the relevance of management, reuse, or valuation of food waste, particularly due to its contribution to carbon footprint and decrease of food safety, studies have found other strategies for improvement of CE in the food chain. In this case, works in literature were allocated within the framework presented by the Ellen Macarthur Foundation called ReSOLVE, with proposals for modification of production chain to promote the CE. Among the proposals, one should highlight: modification of productive systems for mitigation of environmental impacts and greenhouse emissions, processes optimization for decreasing the use of natural resources and wastes, use of 4.0 Industry such as IoT, big data, or machine learning techniques for improvement of the whole supply chain, development of collaborative platforms for production and market, use of residues or co-products by design of intra- or inter-chain loops, and exchange of process or inputs with high environmental impacts for greener ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza M. B. B. Gonçalves
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (FEA/UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato St., 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Guilherme J. Maximo
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (FEA/UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato St., 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
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