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Xiong Y, Li M, Sun P, Liang W, Hornbeck RG, Che X, Rao C, Zhao Y, Guo L, Huang Y, Yang H, Li P, Kroes BH, Cui X, Franz G, Wang M. Market access for Chinese herbal medicinal products in Europe-A ten-year review of relevant products, policies, and challenges. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154237. [PMID: 35688101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increased consumer demand in Europe for natural and efficacious health products, the use of herbal products in the market is rising. Products of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) could greatly expand European consumer options; however, only seven herbal medicinal products (HMPs) based on CHM formulae have been registered in the European Union (EU) since 2012. PURPOSE This study reviews the ten-year registration status of HMPs based on CHM formulae in Europe and identifies major challenges and possible solutions for pharmaceutical companies seeking market access for new HMPs. METHODS An overview of relevant EU regulations identifies pathways to market access in EU countries for CHM products. A discussion of successful attempts to register HMPs based on CHM formulae since 2012 highlights specific challenges that applicants can expect to face. RESULTS CHM products can enter the EU market as HMPs through the full or well-established use marketing authorization, or through the simplified registration procedure. Alternatively, some CHM products have entered the market as dietary supplements, nutritional foods, and agricultural products; however, under these categories, claims for medicinal use cannot be advertised. Since the registration of the first CHM product, Diao Xin Xue Kang (with the single component of Dioscorea nipponica rhizome), in 2012, only six other HMPs based on CHM formulae have been successfully registered. Among these, four are mono-component products. The remaining two products contain combinations of several herbal ingredients. It is more difficult to register combination products than mono-component products, due to their more complex composition and differences in registration requirements (esp. concerning establishing indications) in China and Europe. CONCLUSIONS To promote the successful registration of CHM products in Europe, pharmaceutical companies are advised to: demonstrate full control of, and the ability to test, their supply chain and manufacturing procedures following the guidance of European competent authorities; carefully adhere to all steps of the registration process and advices from European competent authorities; take the medication habits and pharmaceutical needs of European market into consideration; and establish collaboration with European local organizations, as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands; SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands.
| | - Minghui Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Liang
- SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xiaoyan Che
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cheng Rao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Liqun Guo
- Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming 650217, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming 650217, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Burt H Kroes
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CS, The Netherlands
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Gerhard Franz
- University of Regensburg Department of Pharmacy, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands; SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands; Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming 650217, China.
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Momchev P, Ciganović P, Jug M, Marguí E, Jablan J, Zovko Končić M. Comparison of Maceration and Ultrasonication for Green Extraction of Phenolic Acids from Echinacea purpurea Aerial Parts. Molecules 2020; 25:E5142. [PMID: 33167320 PMCID: PMC7663822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea is used in herbal medicinal products for the prevention and treatment of the common cold, as well as for skin disorders and minor wounds. In this study, the efficiency of traditional maceration using water and ethanol was compared with the maceration using mixtures of water and glycerol, a non-toxic, biodegradable solvent from renewable sources. It was found that the glycerol-water mixtures were as effective as ethanol/water mixtures for the extraction of caffeic acid derivatives. All the prepared extracts demonstrated notable antiradical properties. Furthermore, an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction using glycerol-water mixtures was developed using six independent variables. Their levels needed for the maximum extraction of caffeic acid derivatives were as follows: glycerol 90% (m/m), temperature 70 °C, ultrasound power 72 W, time 40 min, and ascorbic acid 0 mg/mL. Under the optimized conditions, ultrasound-assisted extraction was superior to maceration. It achieved significantly higher yields of phenolic acids in shorter extraction time. The presence of zinc in plant material may contribute to the beneficial effects of E. purpurea preparations. Since glycerol is a non-toxic solvent with humectant properties, the prepared extracts can be directly used for the preparation of cosmetics or oral pharmaceutical formulations without the need for solvent removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen Momchev
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (P.C.); (M.J.); (J.J.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bul. “Acad. Ivan Geshov” 15, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Ciganović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (P.C.); (M.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Mario Jug
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (P.C.); (M.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Eva Marguí
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Jasna Jablan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (P.C.); (M.J.); (J.J.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Marijana Zovko Končić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.M.); (P.C.); (M.J.); (J.J.)
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