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Vitolina S, Berzins R, Rizhikovs J, Godina D, Horváth ZM, Logviss K, Teresko A, Paze A. Evaluation of Oleogels Stabilized by Particles of Birch Outer Bark Extract through a Novel Approach. Gels 2023; 9:911. [PMID: 37999001 PMCID: PMC10671171 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Structuring liquid oils into oleogels using natural and abundant biomass components as gelling agents is of great significance in fields such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In this work, a more energy-efficient and technologically simpler approach for directly preparing birch outer bark extract particles containing oleogel was used. This method involves introducing birch outer bark extract particles into the oil phase directly from the extract solution, combining both the evaporation of solution and gel formation. As a result, stable oleogels of various vegetable oils (sunflower, almond, olive, and hemp seed) were obtained with birch outer bark extract particle contents of 4-10%. Infrared spectroscopy and particle size analysis confirmed that when increasing the content of extract particles in the oil, increasing self-assembly of extract particles via hydrogen bonding occurs, leading to the formation of a more structured network. This is consistent with gel strength values from rheological tests of oleogels, which also increased with particle concentration. The obtained oleogels showed important properties such as good tolerance to time-dependent deformation, shear thinning, and thermoreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanita Vitolina
- Biorefinery Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (J.R.); (D.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Rudolfs Berzins
- Biorefinery Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (J.R.); (D.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Janis Rizhikovs
- Biorefinery Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (J.R.); (D.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Daniela Godina
- Biorefinery Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (J.R.); (D.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Zoltán Márk Horváth
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (Z.M.H.); (K.L.)
| | - Konstantins Logviss
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (Z.M.H.); (K.L.)
| | | | - Aigars Paze
- Biorefinery Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (J.R.); (D.G.); (A.P.)
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Fu Y, Huang J, He S, Yan X, Wang X, Lian H, Zeng Y, Li D, Guo R. Betulinaldehyde inhibits vascular remodeling by regulating the microenvironment through the PLCγ1/Ca 2+/MMP9 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154891. [PMID: 37229891 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular remodeling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Unfortunately, current drug therapies offer limited relief for vascular remodeling. Therefore, the development of innovative therapeutic strategies or drugs that target vascular remodeling is imperative. Betulinaldehyde (BA) is a triterpenoid with diverse biological activities, but its effects on vascular remodeling remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of BA in vascular remodeling and its mechanism of action, providing valuable information for future applications of BA in the treatment of CVDs. METHODS Network pharmacology was used to predict the key targets of BA in vascular remodeling. The effect of BA on vascular remodeling was assessed in a rat model of balloon injury using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry staining, and Western blotting. A phenotypic transformation model of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and the functional impacts of BA on VSMCs were assessed via CCK-8, EdU, Wound healing, Transwell, and Western blotting. Finally, after manipulation of phospholipase C gamma1 (PLCγ1) expression, Western blotting and Ca2+ levels determination were performed to investigate the potential mechanism of action of BA. RESULTS The most key target of BA in vascular remodeling, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), was identified through network pharmacology screening. Vascular remodeling was alleviated by BA in vivo and its effects were associated with decreased MMP9 expression. In vitro studies indicated that BA inhibited VSMC proliferation, migration, phenotypic transformation, and downregulated MMP9 expression. Additionally, BA decreased PLCγ1 expression and Ca2+ levels in VSMCs. However, after pretreatment with a phospholipase C agonist, BA's effects on down-regulating the expression of PLCγ1 and Ca2+ levels were inhibited, while the expression of MMP9 increased compared to that in the BA treatment group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the critical role of BA in vascular remodeling. These findings revealed a novel mechanism whereby BA mediates its protective effects through MMP9 regulation by inhibiting the PLCγ1/Ca2+/MMP9 signaling pathway. Overall, BA may potentially be developed into a novel medication for CVDs and may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for improving recovery from CVDs by targeting MMP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxia Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangyan He
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Huilin Lian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Youjie Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dai Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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