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Valberg SJ. Sporadic and Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2025; 41:111-124. [PMID: 39880734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Horses are particularly susceptible to developing exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) characterized by muscle stiffness, pain, and reluctance to move. Diagnosis requires establishing abnormal increases in serum creatine kinase activity when horses exhibit clinical signs. The 2 main categories of ER include sporadic ER arising from extrinsic causes and chronic ER that arises from intrinsic continuous or episodic abnormalities in muscle function. This article focuses on treatment of acute ER and causes and management of sporadic ER. Differential diagnoses for chronic ER as well as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of recurrent ER, and malignant hyperthermia are also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Valberg
- Michigan State University, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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2
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Huangsaksri O, Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Wonghanchao T, Yalong M, Thongcham K, Srirattanamongkol C, Pornkittiwattanakul S, Sittiananwong T, Ithisariyanont B, Pakpokai C, Ninyeeruae S, Chanda M. Physiological stress responses in horses participating in novice endurance rides. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31874. [PMID: 38845925 PMCID: PMC11153225 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Horses participating in endurance events encounter enormous physical challenges. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) have been reported before and after endurance rides, but these have not been determined during the rides. Moreover, the modulation in HRV and haematology in horses with different ride results (completed a course or disqualified due to irregular gait) have not been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate changes in HR, HRV, and haematological parameters during novice endurance rides and to compare these parameters between horses that successfully completed the course (SC) or were disqualified for irregular gait (FTQ-GA). Beat-to-beat (RR) intervals of 16 healthy horses (aged 6-14 years) were recorded before and throughout the approximately 40 km endurance event. Blood samples were taken at the pre-ride inspection and after passing each veterinary inspection. HRV and haematology measures were determined from nine SC and seven FTQ-GA horses. Horses with different ride results demonstrated distinctive physiological stress responses. Increases in PCV, RBC, WBC and neutrophils after completing the ride were found only in SC horses, implying that they were ridden with greater effort than FTQ-GA horses. A reduction in HRV during warm-up, followed by a significant reduction during the first and second riding phases, was observed. HRV returned to baseline at the compulsory rest period of both phases. FTQ-GA horses experienced lower RR intervals, RR triangular index, modified deceleration capacity, very-low-frequency band, and parasympathetic nervous system index, coinciding with higher HR and sympathetic nervous system and stress indices than SC horses. These results indicated that endurance horses revealed a shift toward sympathetic activity during the ride. Lower parasympathetic activity in FTQ-GA horses suggests they were under more stress or discomfort than SC horses in novice endurance rides. These results have welfare implications, indicating the need for additional rest breaks in FTQ-GA horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onjira Huangsaksri
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanokpan Sanigavatee
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chanoknun Poochipakorn
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thita Wonghanchao
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Mona Yalong
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Khunanont Thongcham
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chanikarn Srirattanamongkol
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Siwakorn Pornkittiwattanakul
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thanawan Sittiananwong
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Burasarin Ithisariyanont
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chatrapee Pakpokai
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supanut Ninyeeruae
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metha Chanda
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn, Pathom, Thailand
- Thailand Equestrian Federation, Sports Authority of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Benedetti B, Freccero F, Barton J, Elmallah F, Refat S, Padalino B. A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:817. [PMID: 38473201 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Working equids are often used to exhaustion, living and dying in conditions below minimal welfare standards. Due to their poor welfare status, euthanasia should be considered in certain conditions. The study aimed to describe the population and the disease frequency of the working equids admitted at an equine clinic in Cairo (i.e., Egypt Equine Aid (EEA)) from 2019 to 2022 and identify possible associations between physical parameters at admission and the outcome. Records of 1360 equids admitted at EEA were reviewed. The majority of the admitted equids were horses (65.6%), followed by donkeys (33%), in particular stallions (68.7%), from 1 to 15 years old (74.8%). Hospitalisation was mainly due to wounds (28.9%), orthopaedic problems (27.4%), colic (8.5%), or infectious diseases (7.4%). The majority of the equids were discharged, but 5.1% died on their own, without human intervention, and 23% were euthanised. Text mining revealed the anamnesis's most frequent words were 'accident', 'lameness', and 'wound'. In addition, owners sometimes reported using inappropriate remedies (e.g., firing) before hospitalisation. Multivariable ordinal regression analysis performed between physical parameters and the outcome (ordered based on severity: discharged, euthanasia, and dead) revealed that sex (male vs. female: OR = 1.33; p < 0.05), colour of the mucous membrane (pathological vs. physiological: OR = 1.72; p < 0.01), and capillary refill time (pathological vs. physiological: OR = 1.42; p = 0.02) increased the likelihood of a non-survival outcome. In conclusion, early euthanasia should be considered for these equids, to minimise prolonged suffering. Moreover, owners' education is recommended to guarantee minimal welfare standards to the working equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Benedetti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jill Barton
- Egypt Equine Aid, Badrshein, Giza 12989, Egypt
| | | | - Sandy Refat
- Egypt Equine Aid, Badrshein, Giza 12989, Egypt
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Titotto AC, Santos MM, Ramos GV, Adão MDS, Benvenuto GV, De Lacerda LCC, Lisbôa JAN, Lacerda-Neto JC. Effect of Lactate Minimum Speed-Guided Training on the Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Status of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3290. [PMID: 37894014 PMCID: PMC10603943 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of lactate minimum speed (LMS)-guided training on horses' homeostasis is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an LMS-guided training program on the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status of horses. Ten untrained Arabian horses were submitted to an LMS test on a treadmill before and after six weeks of training. The training intensity was 80% of the LMS in the first three sessions and 100% of the LMS in the other sessions. The venous blood was collected before (T-1) and after (T-2) training at rest, during and after the LMS test for lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, and electrolyte measurements. The LMS and strong ion difference (SID4) were calculated. A mild increase in the mean values (p > 0.05) was observed at rest in T-2 in comparison with T-1 in the following variables: pH (from 7.436 ± 0.013 to 7.460 ± 0.012), pCO2 (from 42.95 ± 1.58 to 45.06 ± 0.81 mmHg), HCO3- (from 27.01 ± 1.02 to 28.91 ± 0.86 mmol/L), and SID4 (from 33.42 ± 1.45 to 35.06 ± 2.94 mmol/L). During T-2, these variables were more stable than during T-1. Despite the improvement in fitness, the LMS did not indicate a significant difference (from 5.40 ± 0.55 to 5.52 ± 0.20 m/s). The results confirmed that the LMS-guided training program had a positive impact on the horses' acid-base status, although some adaptations are still required to improve their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica C. Titotto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Maíra M. Santos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Gabriel V. Ramos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Milena dos S. Adão
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Guilherme V. Benvenuto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Luciana C. C. De Lacerda
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Júlio A. N. Lisbôa
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - José C. Lacerda-Neto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
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Brito G, Damián JP, Suárez G, Ruprechter G, Trigo P. Characterization of Raid Hipico Uruguayo Competencies by Ride Type: Causes of Death and Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101602. [PMID: 37238032 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RHU is the oldest endurance sport in Uruguay. However, despite 80 years of racing, there are no studies to characterize this type of competition, explore rates and causes of death, and identify the associated risk factors. The aim was to characterize the Raid Hipico Uruguayo (RHU) competencies according to the distance (short (SR, 60 km) vs. long (LR, 80-115 km)), the causes of deaths, and the associated risk factors. The study population comprised horses (n = 16,856) that participated in RHU rides from 2007 to 2018. LR were more frequent than SR (p < 0.001). The average speed of winners was higher in SR (32.12 km/h) than in LR (28.14 km/h) (p < 0.001). There were 99 fatalities (5.9 per 1000 starts). SR had greater frequency of high comfort index (CI = Temp [°F] + Humidity [%]) than LR, and LR had greater frequency of low CI than SR (p < 0.001). The percentage of inexperienced horses and those who completed the ride was greater in SR than in LR (p < 0.001). In both types of rides, more horses died during than after the ride, and inexperienced horses were more likely to suffer fatalities than horses with prior experience in the sport (p < 0.05). SR were associated with increased risk of sudden death, while LR were associated with increased risk of death due to metabolic alterations. The high fatality index shown in this work warrants urgent investigation in this sport to minimize mortality associated with RHU-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Brito
- Unidad de Análisis Clínicos, Imagenología y Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Departamento de Clinicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Damián
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Suárez
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento Hospital y Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Gretel Ruprechter
- Unidad de Análisis Clínicos, Imagenología y Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Departamento de Clinicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Trigo
- IGEVET CONICET CC La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina
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Trigg LE, Lyons S, Mullan S. Risk factors for, and prediction of, exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses at British racecourses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3063. [PMID: 36918525 PMCID: PMC10015008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of exertional heat illness (EHI) is a health, welfare and performance concern for racehorses. However, there has been limited multivariable assessment of the possible risk factors for EHI in racehorses, despite such information being vital for regulators to effectively manage the condition. Consequently, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of EHI in Thoroughbred racehorses and assess the ability of the risk factor model to predict the occurrence of EHI in racehorses to assist in early identification. Runners at British racecourses recorded in the British Horseracing Authority database between 1st July 2010 and 30th April 2018 were used to model the probability that a horse would present with EHI as a function of a suite of environmental, horse level and race level factors. EHI was reported in 0.1% of runners. Race distance, wet bulb globe temperature, preceding 5-day temperature average, occurrence of a previous EHI incident, going, year and race off time were identified as risk factors for EHI. The model performed better than chance in classifying incidents with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score of 0.884 (SD = 0.02) but had a large number of false positives. The results provide vital evidence for industry on the need to provide appropriate cool down facilities, identify horses that have repeated EHI incidents for early intervention, and collect new data streams such as on course wet bulb globe temperature measurements. The results are especially relevant as the sport is operating in a changing climate and must mitigate against more extreme and longer spells of hot weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Trigg
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - Sally Lyons
- British Horseracing Authority, 75 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6LS, UK
| | - Siobhan Mullan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Lisboa BRF, da Silva JAR, da Silva WC, Barbosa AVC, Silva LKX, Lourenço-Júnior JDB. Evaluation of thermoregulation of horses ( Equus caballus) submitted to two methods of post-exercise cooling, in hot and humid climate conditions, in the Eastern Amazon. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1150763. [PMID: 37138916 PMCID: PMC10149968 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1150763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the study on equine thermoregulation has not shown considerable advances, moreover, in the Amazon, this is a little explored aspect. This study aims to evaluate the thermoregulation of horses submitted to two methods of post-exercise cooling, in the climatic conditions of the Eastern Amazon. The experiment was conducted at Centro Hipico, Ananindeua, Para, for 15 days. Ten male horses, castrated of the Brazilian breed, aged 13 years and with an average weight of 482.3 kg were used. Equestrianism, which was exercised with pre-established protocol in the arena and track, for 30 min. After the exercise, the animals were divided into two groups for application of the treatments, which were two cooling methods, such as a bath with water at room temperature (about 25°C) and a hiper cooling method (6-9°C). During the experimental period, air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) data were recorded and the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was calculated. Data from the rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and Body surface temperature (BST) of the animals were also measured at three moments: before exercise, after exercise and after applying the cooling methods. The adaptability index used was the Benezra Thermal Comfort Index (BTCI). The BST was performed with the help of infrared thermograph, which were the left side of the neck, thorax, rump, and right side to the armpi, before the exercise, after the exercise and after applying the cooling methods. The statistical design was completely randomized. Analysis of variance was performed using the GLM Procedure of SAS 9.1.3. After the application of the cooling techniques in the animals, the AT and THI were higher and the highest RH values were found before the exercise (87.21%). The highest RT, RR, HR, BST, and BTCI values were observed after exercise. There was no significant dierence (P > 0.05) between cooling methods. There was a highly significant and positive correlation (P < 0.01) between all physiological variables (RT, RR, HR, and BST) and the Iberian Index with AT and THI and negative with RH (P < 0.01), thus demonstrating the influence of the environment on the thermoregulation of animals. It is concluded the evaluation of stress, welfare and thermoregulation of horses submitted to two methods of post-exercise cooling, in the climatic conditions of the Eastern Amazon, demonstrated that the studied cooling methods showed to reduce the rectal temperature, the respiratory rate, the heart rate and the body surface temperature with equal efficiency. However, in terms of practical ease of use, the room temperature water cooling method has proven to be more practical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Welligton Conceição da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Welligton Conceição da Silva
| | | | | | - José de Brito Lourenço-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
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Merkel J, Chinnadurai SK. Diagnostic Use of Lactate in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:585-596. [PMID: 36122941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring blood lactate concentrations with a handheld, point-of-care (POC) meter is an efficient and inexpensive method of monitoring critically ill or anesthetized exotic patients. Serial monitoring of lactate allows early recognition of hypoperfusion, allowing for prompt implementation of resuscitative efforts. Reference ranges for exotic animals are currently sparse and often gathered from field studies of wild animals. In the absence of reference ranges, extrapolations can be made regarding mammals and birds, but may be more difficult in reptiles and amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Merkel
- Department of Animal Health, Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Drive, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sathya K Chinnadurai
- Department of Animal Health, Saint Louis Zoo, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA.
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Brownlow MA, Mizzi JX. Exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses – Pathophysiology, case definition and treatment rationale. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. X. Mizzi
- 315 Singles Ridge Road Yellow Rock New South Wales Australia
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10
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Webb HJ, Weston JF, Norman EJ, Cogger N, Bolwell CF, Rogers CW. A Descriptive Study of Training Methods for Fédération Equestre Internationale Endurance Horses in New Zealand. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103155. [PMID: 32797783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Training measures, particularly those that examine the interactions between training volume, speed, and recovery, can improve understanding of training practices that contribute to success and avoid adverse horse welfare outcomes in endurance competitions. This study describes the training of Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) 100-160 km level horses in New Zealand. A convenience sample of 16 participants and 25 horses were surveyed before commencement of training. Participants then reported daily data for an entire nine-month season of training and competition. Participants began their season with predetermined goals and individual training plans for each horse. They intended to use competitions for training. Competitions contributed a median of 44% [IQR, 36%-49%] of total accumulated distance (in training and competition) for each horse for the season, despite being only 11% (207/1,933) of all days worked. Most starts (80%) were in domestic-level (CEN) competition ≤80 km. Speed ranged from 2-18 km/hour on home training days to 6-18.5 km/hour in CEN competitions and 10.9-16.9 km/hour in FEI competitions. Horses were worked 34% [IQR, 21-38] of days in training, ranging from 12% to 55% for individual horses. The most common horse health problem was lameness, affecting 12/25 horses, for a median of 9 (range, 1-78) days. This study highlights the potential for CEN data as a resource to improve understanding of training and competition load, speed, and recovery and therefore reduce adverse horse welfare outcomes in FEI competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Webb
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Naomi Cogger
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte F Bolwell
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris W Rogers
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Brownlow M, Smith T. The use of the hand‐held infrared thermometer as an early detection tool for exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses: A study at racetracks in eastern Australia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brownlow
- Racing Australia Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - T. Smith
- Racing Australia Sydney New South Wales Australia
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12
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Trindade PHE, Hartmann E, Keeling LJ, Andersen PH, Ferraz GDC, Paranhos da Costa MJR. Effect of work on body language of ranch horses in Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228130. [PMID: 31990951 PMCID: PMC6986720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The horses’ responses to exercise are commonly monitored using physiological variables, nonetheless physical and mental states can also be expressed through body language. The aims of this study were: (i) to identify how facial expressions and other behavioural variables change in ranch horses after a routine workday, and (ii) to investigate if these changes can be used as indicators of physical tiredness by relating them to known variables of physical fitness and workload. Fourteen crossbred ranch horses were assessed pre- and post-workday on two farms, recording the body language, physiological and workload variables. Statistical analysis consisted of four stages: (i) comparisons between the sampling times (pre- vs post-workday) using linear mixed-effects models with repeated measures and a paired Wilcoxon test; (ii) selection of the most powerful variables by applying Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and principal components analyses (PCA); (iii) evaluations of the relationships within these selected variables utilizing PCA and Spearman rank coefficients; and (iv) identifying a critical level of the most robust behavioural indicators using a non-hierarchical cluster analysis. Results showed that after a workday the horses increased the frequency/duration of body language indicative of resting. They also decreased the frequency/duration of body language indicative of attention and movements to avoid flies. However, some of these behaviours are also shown when horses are in pain, leading us to suggest that some ranch horses were probably experiencing a combination of of tiredness and slight soreness. Of particular interest, because of the ease with which it can be assessed on the farm and generalized to other situations, we suggest that the frequency of shifting weight between the forelegs has potential to be used as an indicator of physical tiredness in horses. The results can also be used in the development of tools to improve the welfare of ranch horses as well as horses used in other activities, although more research is needed to validate this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Ethology and Animal Ecology Research Group (Grupo ETCO), Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
| | - Elke Hartmann
- Departament of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda J. Keeling
- Departament of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Departament of Large Animal Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- Departament of Animal Morphology and Physiology, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Ethology and Animal Ecology Research Group (Grupo ETCO), Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Di Battista C, Conte M, Pepe M, Petrizzi L, Beccati F. Epidemiology and risk factors for eliminations from Fédération Equestre Internationale endurance rides between 2004-2015 in Italy. Prev Vet Med 2019; 170:104737. [PMID: 31421491 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information on risk factors for elimination from endurance rides and changes over the years. The objectives of this study were to describe elimination for irregular gait and metabolic reasons from Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) endurance rides in Italy (2004-2015) and to assess risk factors and to investigate changes in elimination rates and speed over the long term. Data for FEI endurance rides were collected from three websites. Year, month, day, location, class (Concours de Raid d'Endurance International [CEI]*/**/***), restriction to young riders, distance (km), number of starters, horses' age and breed, and average finish speed for each horse were recorded. Horses were classified as completed, retired or eliminated for irregular gait, metabolic or other reasons. Environment data were obtained from the Il Meteo website. Descriptive data were summarized, and univariable analyses and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors. The chi-squared test and one-way or Friedman analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess differences between years. Variables associated with elimination for irregular gait were the number of starters, age of the horse, classes, minimum temperature and presence of rain; those associated with elimination for metabolic reasons were the number of starters, classes, horse breed and minimum temperature. Average finish speed increased over the years but the elimination frequency changed only for metabolic reasons, with a higher percentage at the beginning of the study period. This study was conducted in Italy and the results may not be applicable globally; speed was available only for horses that completed the competition. Average finish speed increased over the years but the percentage of eliminations remained stable after 2007. Training, nutrition, previous injuries and treatments are likely to contribute to problems occurring during the ride, and investigation of these factors would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Pepe
- Centro di Studi del Cavallo Sportivo, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, SP 18, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Beccati
- Centro di Studi del Cavallo Sportivo, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
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Webb H, Weston J, Norman E, Cogger N, Rogers C. Experience, riding practices and training methods of Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI: 80-160 km) level endurance horse rider-owner-trainers in New Zealand. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Riders and training have been implicated as contributing to poor performance and adverse horse welfare outcomes in endurance competitions (‘rides’). This study described the experience, riding practices and training methods of a cohort of 21 Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI: 80-160 km) level endurance rider-owner-trainers in New Zealand. Data were collected via face-to-face survey and descriptive statistics calculated. Respondents had a median 13 (interquartile range [IQR] 9-15) years’ experience in domestic competition and 7 (IQR 4-10) years in FEI competition. Respondents were mostly amateur (67%, 14/21), >40 years of age (86%, 18/21), female (76%, 16/21), riders (95%, 20/21), owners (91%, 19/21) and trainers (95%, 20/21) with ≤2 FEI level horses (53%, 11/21). Over half (62%, 13/21) intended to prepare horses for a 160 km competition over a 26-41 week season. Respondents reported using additional fitness training (86%, 18/21) and athlete support services such as chiropractic (29%, 6/21), massage (29%, 6/21) or physiotherapy (19%, 4/21) so they could ride better. Most (86%, 18/21) respondents reported they employed schooling using equitation techniques to develop riding skills and supple, sound, rideable horses. Ridden aerobic distance training was complemented with a median 6 (IQR 5-8) other training methods for convenience, enabling amateur respondents to schedule training around employment. Furthermore, respondents intended to use a series of 40-80 km rides for training purposes for most (94%, 34/36) horses instead of time-trial type training sessions reported in other countries. This cohort of experienced amateur semi-elite to competitive elite rider-owner-trainers in New Zealand appear to self-coach, taking responsibility for the development of their horses, and working pro-actively to improve aspects of their riding practices and training that might improve performance. These findings can inform further exploration of how rider characteristics inform and influence training and competition practice and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.J. Webb
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennant Drive, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J.F. Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennant Drive, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E.J. Norman
- College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennant Drive, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N.D. Cogger
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennant Drive, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C.W. Rogers
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennant Drive, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennant Drive, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Esteves Trindade PH, de Camargo Ferraz G, Pereira Lima ML, Negrão JA, Paranhos da Costa MJR. Eye Surface Temperature as a Potential Indicator of Physical Fitness in Ranch Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 75:1-8. [PMID: 31002082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the use of maximum eye surface temperature (ESTmax), recorded by infrared thermography, as an indicator of physical fitness in ranch horses. Data collection was carried out with 16 horses by recording six physical fitness biomarkers (ESTmax, respiratory rate, creatine kinase activity [CK], and concentrations of total serum protein, plasmatic cortisol, and lactate) before and after a regular working day. We also recorded heart rate during the exercise, exercise duration, average velocity, distance traveled, and air temperature and humidity. The variation between the sampling times was compared by using repeated measures ANOVA or Wilcoxon paired test. The t-test was used to compare ESTmax means of dehydrated and nondehydrated horses. The differences (DIF-) between each variable's sampling times were calculated, and the Spearman's correlation coefficients between DIF-ESTmax and DIF- of other variables were estimated. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify the horses according to their physical fitness. All biomarkers increased after the workday, and the ESTmax means of dehydrated and nondehydrated horses did not differ (P < .05). DIF-CK and DIF-ESTmax were positively correlated (rs = 0.56, P < .05). The cluster analysis defined two groups of horses (LOW and HIGH), with DIF-ESTmax and DIF-CK differing statistically between them. HIGH horses showed CK higher than 350 U/L, indicating some degree of muscle damage. These results suggest that ESTmax has potential to predict changes in CK and, thus could be a useful indicator of physical fitness in ranch horses; although, its effectiveness has to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Alberto Negrão
- USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus J R Paranhos da Costa
- UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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