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Loos CMM, Zhao S, Li L, Li J, Han W, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR. Essential oil supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and modulates the plasma metabolome of hyperinsulinemic horses. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1444581. [PMID: 39687851 PMCID: PMC11648227 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1444581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of essential oil (EO) supplementation on insulin sensitivity (IS) and the plasma metabolome in insulin dysregulated (ID) horses. Horses were blocked by degree of IS and assigned randomly to treatment: oral daily bolus (50 mL) of either a plant derived EO supplement or carrier (CON). Mares were housed in dry lots with ad libitum access to grass hay and supplemented individually twice daily with a concentrate to meet nutrient requirements for mature horses. Before and after 6 wks of treatment, mares underwent a combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) and an oral sugar test (OST) on separate days. Global metabolome analysis was conducted on plasma samples before and after treatment. Although treatment did not affect (p > 0.4) AUC or glucose clearance during CGIT, there was a treatment*covariate interaction (p ≤ 0.08) for insulin concentrations at 75 min (INS75) and positive phase time (PT) with EO decreasing both INS75 (p ≤ 0.002) and PT (p = 0.05) in horses with more severe initial degree of ID. Similarly, EO treatment reduced (p ≤ 0.006) insulinemic response to the OST in horses exhibiting higher pre-treatment responses (treatment*covariate, p = 0.004). There were 702 metabolites identified that were uniquely changed with EO treatment. Pathway analysis and biomarkers showed EO-mediated changes in amino acid, linoleic acid, mesaconic acid, TCA-cyle intermediates and bile acid metabolism. The directional changes in these pathways or biomarkers are consistent with changes in inulin sensitivity in other models. These data show that EO shifted the plasma metabolome and improved insulin sensitivity in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. M. Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Shuang Zhao
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janet Li
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wei Han
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre and Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Share ER, Mastellar SL, Suagee-Bedore JK, Eastridge ML. Validation of a Commercial ELISA Kit for Non-Invasive Measurement of Biologically Relevant Changes in Equine Cortisol Concentrations. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2831. [PMID: 39409780 PMCID: PMC11475127 DOI: 10.3390/ani14192831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The measurement of fecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) is often used to quantify the stress response. The sampling method is relatively non-invasive, reduces concern for elevation of cortisol from the sampling method, and has been shown to measure cortisol more consistently without the daily diurnal rhythm observed in blood. Commercial ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) kits offer benefits over previously validated immunoassay methods but lack validation. The objective of this study was to evaluate a commercial ELISA kit (Arbor AssaysTM DetectX® Cortisol ELISA kit, K003-H1, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and provide analytical and biologic validation of equine fecal and plasma samples. Horses (4 male, 4 female, mean ± SD: 4 ± 5 yr) were transported for 15 min with limited physical and visual contact via a livestock trailer. Blood and fecal samples were collected pre- and post-transportation. Parallelism, accuracy, and precision tests were used to analytically validate this kit. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased in response to trailering (254.5 ± 26.4 nmol/L, 0 min post-transportation) compared to pre-transportation (142.8 ± 26.4 nmol/L). FCM concentrations increased 24 h post-trailering (10.8 ± 1.7 ng/g) when compared to pre-transportation (7.4 ± 1.7 ng/g). These data support that changes in FCMs can be observed 24 h post-stressor. In conclusion, the Arbor AssaysTM DetectX® Cortisol ELISA kit is a reliable, economic option for the measurement of biologically relevant changes in cortisol in equine plasma and FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Share
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Sara L. Mastellar
- Agricultural Technical Institute, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | | | - Maurice L. Eastridge
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Bini de Lima AC, Sebastião da Fé VC, Palermo Hernandes MS, Oliveira dos Santos VM. Olfactory Stimulation as Environmental Enrichment for Domestic Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3180. [PMID: 37893904 PMCID: PMC10603683 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses constantly face several challenges inherent to the domestic environment, and it is common for the expression of their natural behavior to be drastically limited. Environmental enrichment has been suggested as an alternative to improve the captive situation of domestic horses. Among the recently proposed enrichment strategies, olfactory stimulation has emerged as a method for improving several aspects related to animal behavior. Olfaction is a sensory modality that plays a significant role in the expression of equine behavior, and in recent years, studies have shown that olfactory stimulation can influence the physiological and behavioral parameters of horses. This review provides current information on the anatomical particularities of the equine olfactory system, presents the physiological mechanisms involved in the odor detection process, and demonstrates how stress can interfere with this process. Finally, the use of olfactory stimulation as an environmental enrichment for domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus) is explored. The need for new studies that answer pertinent questions related to this topic is discussed throughout the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Bini de Lima
- Nucleus of Studies in Ambience, Bioclimatology, Welfare and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (V.C.S.d.F.); (M.S.P.H.); (V.M.O.d.S.)
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Bertoni V, Regaiolli B, Cozzi A, Vaglio S, Spiezio C. Can an Enrichment Programme with Novel Manipulative and Scent Stimuli Change the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed European Wildcats? A Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1762. [PMID: 37889648 PMCID: PMC10252075 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objects and semiochemicals may be used as enrichment in zoos. Domestic cats release Fraction 3 of Facial Pheromone (F3) by rubbing the muzzle to convey relational and territorial information. We aimed to evaluate whether and how the introduction of novel objects and scent stimuli could change the behaviour of one group (N = 5 subjects) of adult European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) hosted at Parco Natura Viva-Garda Zoological Park, Italy. We assessed the behavioural changes following the introduction of novel objects (blocks and rags) and scent (synthetic F3) via observations over four experimental conditions (baseline, rags, F3 rags, blocks) using continuous focal animal sampling. Our results showed that no behavioural differences were found between the different conditions and the baseline, except for the condition with blocks when significantly less exploration was observed. Between conditions, wildcats performed significantly less individual explorative, affiliative, and agonistic behaviours, but more individual inactivity, when exposed to rags after F3 administration. Our findings suggest that the enrichment programme did not substantively affect the behaviour of the zoo-housed wildcats. However, the behavioural differences recorded between conditions suggest that, while novel objects introduced as visual stimuli (blocks) do not affect the wildcat behaviour, novel manipulative objects (rags) might impact their behaviour. Moreover, the changes in affiliative and agonistic behaviours displayed during the condition with exposure to rags sprayed with F3 suggest that such semiochemical could play an appeasement role within this study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bertoni
- Research and Conservation Department, Parco Natura Viva—Garda Zoological Park, 37012 Bussolengo, Italy; (V.B.); (B.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Regaiolli
- Research and Conservation Department, Parco Natura Viva—Garda Zoological Park, 37012 Bussolengo, Italy; (V.B.); (B.R.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cozzi
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology, 84400 Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt, France;
| | - Stefano Vaglio
- Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
- University College—The Castle, Durham University, Durham DH1 3RW, UK
| | - Caterina Spiezio
- Research and Conservation Department, Parco Natura Viva—Garda Zoological Park, 37012 Bussolengo, Italy; (V.B.); (B.R.); (C.S.)
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Elwell EJ, Vaglio S. The Scent Enriched Primate. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101617. [PMID: 37238047 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoos worldwide play an important role in both in situ and ex situ conservation via efforts such as providing breeding programmes and reintroductions into the wild. Zoo populations are crucial as a buffer against extinction. However, a mismatch between the wild and zoo environments can lead to psychological as well as physiological health issues, such as stress, boredom, diabetes, and obesity. These problems, in turn, can impact the reproductive success of individuals. Consequently, some primate species have reduced breeding success when housed in zoos compared to their wild counterparts. To prevent the onset of behavioural, physiological, and cognitive negative effects and to continually improve the welfare of their animals, zoos widely implement different types of environmental enrichment. There are many forms enrichment can take, such as feeding, puzzles and training, but sensory enrichments, including implementing the use of scents, are currently understudied. Scent enrichments are less utilized despite multiple research studies showing that they may have positive effects on welfare for zoo-housed animal species, including non-human primates. Despite being traditionally considered to be microsmatic, various lines of evidence suggest that olfaction plays a larger role in primates than previously thought. This review therefore focuses on scent-based enrichment and the specifics of captive primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Elwell
- Animal Behaviour & Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Stefano Vaglio
- Animal Behaviour & Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
- University College-The Castle, Durham University, Durham DH1 3RW, UK
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Nawroth C, Rørvang M. Opportunities (and challenges) in dairy cattle cognition research: A key area needed to design future high welfare housing systems. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rørvang MV, Nicova K, Yngvesson J. Horse odor exploration behavior is influenced by pregnancy and age. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:941517. [PMID: 35967896 PMCID: PMC9366077 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.941517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of a highly developed olfactory apparatus of horses, implying a high adaptive value, research on equine olfaction is sparse. Our limited knowledge on equine olfaction poses a risk that horse behavior does not match human expectations, as horses might react fearful when exposed to certain odors, which humans do not consider as frightening. The benefit of acquiring more knowledge of equine olfaction is therefore twofold; (1) it can aid the understanding of horse behavior and hence reduce the risk of dangerous situations, and (2) there may be unexplored potential of using odors in several practical situations where humans interact with horses. This study investigated behavior and olfactory sensitivity of 35 Icelandic horses who were presented with four odors: peppermint, orange, lavender and cedar wood in a Habituation/Dishabituation paradigm. The response variables were sniffing duration per presentation and behavioral reaction (licking, biting, snorting, and backing), and data were analyzed for potential effects of age, sex and pregnancy. Results showed that habituation occurred between successive odor presentations (1st vs. 2nd and 2nd vs. 3rd presentations: P < 0.001), and dishabituation occurred when a new odor was presented (1st vs. 3rd presentations: P < 0.001). Horses were thus able to detect and distinguish between all four odors, but expressed significantly longer sniffing duration when exposed to peppermint (peppermint vs. orange, lavender and cedar wood: P < 0.001). More horses expressed licking when presented to peppermint compared to cedar wood and lavender (P = 0.0068). Pregnant mares sniffed odors less than non-pregnant mares (P = 0.030), young horses (age 0-5 years) sniffed cedar wood for longer than old horses (P = 0.030), whereas sex had no effect (P > 0.050). The results show that horses’ odor exploration behavior and interest in odors varies with age and pregnancy and that horses naïve to the taste of a substrate, may be able to link smell with taste, which has not been described before. These results can aid our understanding of horses’ behavioral reactions to odors, and in the future, it may be possible to relate these to the physiology and health of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vilain Rørvang
- Department Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Maria Vilain Rørvang,
| | - Klára Nicova
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jenny Yngvesson
- Department Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
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Bergh A, Lund I, Boström A, Hyytiäinen H, Asplund K. A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: "Miscellaneous Therapies". Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123356. [PMID: 34944133 PMCID: PMC8697896 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) is commonly used in animals. However, there is limited knowledge of how the methods affect the animal. Therefore, this study reviews the scientific literature of 24 different CAVM therapies used in cats, dogs, and horses. Three core bibliographic sources were used. Relevant articles were assessed for scientific quality, and information was extracted on study characteristics, species, type of treatment, indication, and treatment effects. Of 982 unique publications screened, 42 were eligible for inclusion, representing nine different CAVM therapies, which were aromatherapy, gold therapy, homeopathy, leeches (hirudotherapy), mesotherapy, mud, neural therapy, sound (music) therapy, and vibration therapy. For the other 15 predefined therapies, no study was identified. The risk of bias was assessed as high in 17 studies, moderate to high in 10, moderate in 10, low to moderate in four, and low in one study. In those studies where the risk of bias was low to moderate, there was considerable heterogeneity in reported treatment effects. Therefore, the 24 CAVM therapies do not have scientific documentation of sufficient quality to draw clear conclusions regarding their clinical effect. Abstract There is an increasing interest in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM). There is, however, an uncertainty of the efficacy of these methods. Therefore, the aim of this systematic literature review is to assess the evidence for clinical efficacy of 24 CAVM therapies used in cats, dogs, and horses. A bibliographic search, restricted to studies in cats, dogs, and horses, was performed on Web of Science Core Collection, CABI, and PubMed. Relevant articles were assessed for scientific quality, and information was extracted on study characteristics, species, type of treatment, indication, and treatment effects. Of 982 unique publications screened, 42 were eligible for inclusion, representing nine different CAVM therapies, which were aromatherapy, gold therapy, homeopathy, leeches (hirudotherapy), mesotherapy, mud, neural therapy, sound (music) therapy, and vibration therapy. For 15 predefined therapies, no study was identified. The risk of bias was assessed as high in 17 studies, moderate to high in 10, moderate in 10, low to moderate in four, and low in one study. In those studies where the risk of bias was low to moderate, there was considerable heterogeneity in reported treatment effects. Therefore, the scientific evidence is not strong enough to define the clinical efficacy of the 24 CAVM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bergh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Iréne Lund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacolgy, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Anna Boström
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Heli Hyytiäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Kjell Asplund
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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Vaglio S, Kaburu SSK, Pearce R, Bryant L, McAuley A, Lott A, Sheppard DJ, Smith S, E Tompkins B, J Elwell E, Fontani S, H Young C, Marliani G, Accorsi PA. Effects of scent enrichment on behavioral and physiological indicators of stress in zoo primates. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23247. [PMID: 33660885 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Captive breeding is vital for primate conservation, with modern zoos serving a crucial role in breeding populations of threatened species and educating the general public. However, captive populations can experience welfare issues that may also undermine their reproductive success. To enhance the wellbeing of endangered zoo primates, we conducted a study to assess the effects of a new scent enrichment program on captive red-ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra), black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya), siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus), lar gibbons (Hylobates lar) and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). We combined behavioral observations and fecal endocrinology analyses to evaluate the effects of a series of essential oils (benzoin, lavender, lemongrass) on five captive troops (N = 19) housed at Dudley Zoo & Castle and Twycross Zoo (UK). We recorded observations of natural species-specific and abnormal stress-related behaviors for 480 h using instantaneous scan sampling. We collected 189 fecal samples and measured the fecal cortisol concentrations using radioimmunoassay. We found a significant effect of the scent enrichment on behaviors, with red-ruffed lemurs and black howler monkeys reducing their social interactions, as well as red-ruffed lemurs and lar gibbons decreasing their stress-related behaviors after they were exposed to the series of essential oils. We also found that red-ruffed lemurs displayed a significant increase in fecal glucocorticoids following exposure to essential oils. Our contradictory findings suggest that the effects of this series of essential oils may change depending on the species-specific social lives and olfactory repertoires of primates. In conclusion, we cannot recommend using these essential oils widely with zoo primates without additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vaglio
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK.,Department of Anthropology, Behaviour & Ecology and Evolution Research (BEER) Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Stefano S K Kaburu
- Department of Biomedical Science & Physiology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Richard Pearce
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Luke Bryant
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ailie McAuley
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Alexandria Lott
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Demi J Sheppard
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Sarah Smith
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Beth E Tompkins
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Emily J Elwell
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Sara Fontani
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Christopher H Young
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Giovanna Marliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Attilio Accorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Guarneros M, Sánchez-García O, Martínez-Gómez M, Arteaga L. The underexplored role of chemical communication in the domestic horse, Equus caballus. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Bismarck D, Dusold A, Heusinger A, Müller E. Antifungal in vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Clinical Isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis from Canine Ears: A Report from a Practice Laboratory. Complement Med Res 2019; 27:143-154. [PMID: 31775141 PMCID: PMC7384348 DOI: 10.1159/000504316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is a commensal but also the most isolated pathogenic yeast in canine otitis externa. Essential oils (EOs) exhibit antimicrobial activity and thus could be an alternative for treatment of otitis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse the in vitro efficacy of EOs against M. pachydermatis isolates from canine ears. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two EOs were tested for their in vitro activity against 15 M. pachydermatis isolates by agar disc diffusion. In addition, diluted EOs were tested and volatile antifungal activity was analysed by vapour assay. RESULTS Most EOs showed in vitro efficacy against M. pachydermatis. A different susceptibility pattern of tested isolates was found. Overall, the most potential EO was lemon grass. Also, cinnamon leaf, clove, manuka, Indian melissa, oregano, palmarosa, and winter savory oil exhibited a strong antifungal activity. Volatile activity was proven by the inhibiting effect in vapour assay. CONCLUSION EOs show in vitro activity against M. pachydermatis. This study gives scientific background for the use of EOs in veterinary medicine. Diverse susceptibility patterns of different M. pachydermatis strains emphasise the helpfulness of an aromatogram as one lead for the best choice of an EO for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Dusold
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
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Baldwin AL, Chea I. Effect of Aromatherapy on Equine Heart Rate Variability. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 68:46-50. [PMID: 31256887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether aromatherapy increases the parasympathetic component (root mean square of successive differences [RMSSD]) of heart rate variability (HRV) in horses. Horses are highly sensitive, easily stressed, have an acute sense of smell, and have been shown to benefit from aromatherapy. The protocol, performed on eight dressage horses, followed a crossover design with an experimental treatment of humidified essential oil (lavender, Lavandula angustifolia) and a control treatment of humidified air. Heart rate variability was recorded for 7 minutes before, during, and immediately after treatment, and 30 minutes after treatment. The protocol was repeated with chamomile, (Matricaria recutita). Lavender transiently increased RMSSD from 86.5 ± 14.2 ms (standard error of the mean [SEM]) to 104.3 ± 14.3 ms (P = .020) and reduced percentage of very low frequency HRV oscillations from 81.2% ± 3.9 (SEM) to 72.1% ± 7.9 (P = .039) immediately after treatment. Chamomile had variable effects, none of which reached significance. These results indicate that lavender is effective as a calming agent for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Linda Baldwin
- Department of Physiology, University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Laboratory for the Advances in Consciousness and Health, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
| | - Isabelle Chea
- Department of Physiology, University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Elghandour MM, Kanth Reddy PR, Salem AZ, Ranga Reddy PP, Hyder I, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Yasaswini D. Plant Bioactives and Extracts as Feed Additives in Horse Nutrition. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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