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Ribeiro Menezes IMN, Nascimento PDA, Peixoto RRA, Oliveira A. Nutritional profile and risk assessment of inorganic elements in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127442. [PMID: 38554676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The contents of essential (Ca, Fe, K, Na, P, and Zn) and potentially toxic inorganic elements (As, Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Pb) in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). A total of 30 enteral formulas, 23 parenteral solution components, and 3 parenteral solutions were analyzed. The elements Ca and K presented the higher contents (72-2918 mg L-1 and 235-2760 mg L-1) while the lowest concentration levels were found for As and Cd (<0.68 µg L-1 and <0.01-0.62 µg L-1) in the studied samples. The validated analytical methods presented an accuracy of 75-116% and RSD values lower than 9.8%. Calcium gluconate and magnesium sulfate, which are used as raw materials in parenteral solution, are potential sources of Al and Mn contamination. A Hazard Quotient (HQ) >1 was obtained for Al (27 ± 1 µg L-1) in one of the parenteral samples, whereas the established limit is 25 µg L-1. Enteral samples were considered safe for consumption regarding the Al, As, and Cd levels. One healing-specific and pediatric formula contained Pb at levels above 0.25 µg kg-day-1, too high for safe consumption. The enteral formulas (pediatric, diabetes-specific, renal-specific, healing-specific, and standard formula with addition of fiber) presented risks in relation to the consumption of Cr and Mn (>250 µg day-1 and >11 mg day-1). The results indicate the need for strict monitoring, considering that these formulations are often the single patient's food source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia de A Nascimento
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rafaella R A Peixoto
- Federal Fluminense University - UFF, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Niterói 24220-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil.
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Yang H, Hou L, Sun H, Ye S. Degradation kinetics of vitamins in different enteral feeding formulas during storage at different temperatures. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29653. [PMID: 38660289 PMCID: PMC11040109 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin degradation may be affected differently by various food matrices. In this study, the kinetics of vitamin A, B1, and C degradation were directly compared in two types of enteral feeding formulas (EFFs) with different energy densities over a nine-month storage period at 4, 25, and 30 °C. The content of vitamins A, B1, and C was measured in the initial and stored formulas. The results justified the finding that the content of these vitamins was gradually decreased with storage time or temperature increases during the period. At each temperature during storage, the degradation of vitamins A, B1, and C followed first-order kinetics, and the rate constants calculated indicated the degradation of vitamins was temperature-dependent. The EFF-B exhibited a higher activation energy for vitamin degradation than that in the EFF-A, and the activation energy indicated an inverse relationship with the fat content of EFFs. The outcomes might provide a reference for the development and application of EEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, PR China
- Xi'an Libang Clinical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710065, PR China
| | - Ling Hou
- Xi'an Libang Clinical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710065, PR China
| | - HongMei Sun
- Xi'an Libang Clinical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710065, PR China
| | - ShuHong Ye
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, PR China
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Tella M, Legros S, Monteiro ANTR, Forouzandeh A, Penen F, Durosoy S, Doelsch E. Unexpected Cu and Zn speciation patterns in the broiler feed-animal-excreta system revealed by XAS spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139684. [PMID: 37532201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace minerals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are animal nutrition supplements necessary for livestock health and breeding performance, yet they also have environmental impacts via animal excretion. Here we investigated changes in Cu and Zn speciation from the feed additive to the broiler excreta stages. The aim of this study was to assess whether different Cu and Zn feed additives induce different Cu and Zn speciation patterns, and to determine the extent to which this speciation is preserved throughout the feed-animal-excreta system. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used for this investigation. The principal findings were: (i) in feed, Cu and Zn speciation changed rapidly from the feed additive signature (Cu and Zn oxides or Cu and Zn sulfates) to Cu and Zn organic complexes (Cu phytate and Zn phytate). (ii) in the digestive tract, we showed that Cu and Zn phytate were major Cu and Zn species; Cu sulfide and Zn amorphous phosphate species were detected but remained minor species. (iii) in fresh excreta, Cu sulfide and Zn amorphous phosphate were major species. These results should help to: (i) enhance the design of future research studies comparing different feed additive performances; (ii) assess Cu and Zn bioavailability in the digestive tract; (iii) gain further insight into the fate of Cu and Zn in cultivated soils when poultry manure is used as fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tella
- US 49 Analyses, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Analyses, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Legros
- UPR Recyclage et Risque, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Recyclage et Risque, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Asal Forouzandeh
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Doelsch
- UPR Recyclage et Risque, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Recyclage et Risque, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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Martínez-Castro J, Cámara-Martos F, Moreno-Ortega A, Victorio-Sánchez M, Krstova A, Lopes JA, Pérez-Rodríguez F. Use of granules and free salts for Fe and Zn fortification of leafy vegetables: Improvements in trace element bioaccessibility and fulfillment of Dietary Reference Intakes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127181. [PMID: 37163823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leafy vegetables represent an excellent dietary source of trace elements such as Fe and Zn. Nevertheless, Fe and Zn bioaccessibility can lessen due to a high concentration of anti-nutritional compounds. The encapsulation of Fe and Zn salts as granules could be used to fortify these leafy vegetables. METHOD Three leafy vegetables, spinach, Swiss chard and Ethiopian mustard were fortified with iron sulfate and zinc sulfate as granules and free salts in order to test the improvements in the bioaccessibility and fulfillments of DRIs. Fe and Zn granules were prepared in a fluidized bed granulator. A probabilistic analysis was performed, using experimental data, to assess bioaccessible intake and fulfillments of DRIs in European populations. RESULTS Fe contents ranged between 4.8 mg/100 g of Ethiopian mustard to 157.4 mg/100 g of spinach. Fe and Zn bioaccessibility percentages were low for Swiss chard and spinach without fortification. Fortification with granules improved Fe bioaccessibility of these latter vegetables (196 and 223 mg/100 g). Zn contents in samples without fortification ranged between 2.3 mg/100 g for Ethiopian mustard and 7.4 mg/100 g for spinach. Zn fortification as granules improved Zn bioaccessibility for the three vegetables studied. Thus, Zn bioccessible concentrations ranged between 17.4 and 108 mg/100 g for the solubility assay and between 5.9 and 31.1 mg/100 g for the dialyzability assay. Besides, the probability analysis showed that fortification had a better performance in meeting DRIs for those populations with higher consumption levels of leafy vegetables. CONCLUSIONS The probability analysis demonstrated that fortification can be a suitable strategy to meet DRIs for both trace elements, which was especially remarkable for Fe. Fortification with granule was more effective in most the cases, although for Ethiopian mustard, free salt of Fe showed a better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez-Castro
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, España
| | - F Cámara-Martos
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, España.
| | - A Moreno-Ortega
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, España
| | - M Victorio-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, España
| | - A Krstova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Almeida Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Pérez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio C-1, 14014 Córdoba, España
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Bahramian B, Sarabi-Jamab M, Talebi S, Razavi SMA, Rezaie M. Designing blenderized tube feeding diets for children and investigating their physicochemical and microbial properties and Dietary Inflammatory Index. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38:360-375. [PMID: 35819346 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the benefits of blenderized tube feeding (BTF) diets, the interest in using them is increasing. This study aimed to design BTFs for children and investigate their physicochemical and microbial properties, as well as Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). METHODS Five BTF diets were formulated mainly with fresh foods; their DII, physical (viscosity), and chemical (moisture, ash, protein, fat, energy, and micronutrients) characteristics were assessed. Also, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system was implemented for quality assurance of preparation, storage, and delivery of BTFs to patients in hospital. The microbial contamination (total count, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive, mold, and yeast) was analyzed. RESULTS Energy and percentages of protein, fat, and carbohydrate in BTFs were in the range of 103-112 kcal/100 ml, 16%-22%, 28%-34%, and 48%-52%, respectively. The viscosity of the five developed BTFs was between 29 and 64 centipoises, which allows the formulas to flow without syringe pressure. The DII of all BTFs was between -0.73 and -2.24. Due to the implementation of HACCP, monitoring the production line of BTFs, and performance of corrective measures, no microbial contamination was observed by indicator pathogenic microorganisms. CONCLUSION A planned BTF diet can be an excellent selection for children using enteral nutrition with tube feeding especially when they are made from fresh and anti-inflammatory foods such as recipes prepared in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Bahramian
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboobe Sarabi-Jamab
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Talebi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Engineering Division, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mitra Rezaie
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Al-Thani G, Ibrahim AE, Alomairi M, Salman BI, Hegazy MM, Al-Harrasi A, El Deeb S. Toxic Elemental Impurities in Herbal Weight Loss Supplements; A Study Using ICP-OES Microwave-Assisted Digestion. TOXICS 2023; 11:272. [PMID: 36977037 PMCID: PMC10053313 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The tendency of using weight loss herbal preparations is continuously increasing, especially for the widespread consumption of junk food that is characterized by high calories. Weight loss herbal preparations are considered a type of food supplement product, and, as such, the regulations governing their quality control might be minimal. These products could be locally formulated in any country or internationally imported. Being non-controlled products, the herbal weight-loss products may contain high levels of elemental impurities that might exceed the permissible ranges. Moreover, these products contribute to the total daily intake (TDI) of such elements, which might represent concerns about their potential toxicological danger. In this research, the elemental contents in such products were investigated. The inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to determine the levels of 15 elemental contents, namely, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, As, Co, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb. The results showed that seven micro-elements, namely Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Li and Cu, were either not detectable or at a concentration much lower than their tolerable limits. However, all studied macro-elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg), together with Fe, were found at considerable, yet safe levels. On the other hand, Mn, Al and As contents showed perturbing levels in some of the studied products. Finally, a conclusion was highlighted for the necessity for stricter surveillance of such herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanim Al-Thani
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PC 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PC 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alomairi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PC 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Baher I. Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PC 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PC 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Yang H, Xu LL, Hou L, Xu TC, Ye SH. Application of the global stability index method to shelf-life prediction and physiochemical characteristics analysis of enteral feeding formula during storage. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2023.111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yang H, Xu L, Hou L, Xu TC, Ye SH. Stability of vitamin A, E, C and thiamine during storage of different powdered enteral formulas. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11460. [PMID: 36411896 PMCID: PMC9674494 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two different kinds of commercial enteral formulas were selected to evaluate the changes of vitamin A, E, C and thiamine during the different storage conditions of different temperature and relative humidity (60 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% for 5 and 10 days; 37 ± 1 °C, 75 ± 5% for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 months; 25 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months). The results showed that as the temperature or time increased, the content of vitamin A, E and thiamine was gradually decreased whilst the level of vitamin C remained stable. The vitamins exhibited more stability at the storage of 25 ± 1 °C, RH 60 ± 5%. Vitamin A and thiamine decreased more in the polymeric formula (EFA) than that in the oligomeric formula (EFB), while, vitamin E decreased less in EFA than that in EFB. The kinetics of vitamin A, E and thiamine degradation during storage followed first order kinetic equations. Furthermore, the final levels of vitamins were higher than the minimum level recommended by legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
- Xi'an Libang Clinical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710065, China
| | - LiLi Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Xi'an Libang Clinical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710065, China
| | - Tong Cheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shu Hong Ye
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
- Corresponding author.
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Macronutrients and fatty acids of enteral diets: A comparison between labels and analytical findings. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen M, Xu F, Nsor-Atindana J, Chen X, Liu F, Wu J, Zhong F. High protein and high oil emulsions: Phase diagram, stability and interfacial adsorption. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Leśniewicz A, Kurowska D, Pohl P. Mineral Constituents Profiling of Ready-To-Drink Nutritional Supplements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:E851. [PMID: 32075142 PMCID: PMC7070602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional drinks (NDs) are medicinal food products intended for people with different health issues constricting nutrients provision. Eight varieties of milkshake style NDs were analyzed in this work. Prior to element analysis, they were freeze-dried, and concentrations of twenty macro- and microelements in analyzed samples were simultaneously measured by ICP-OES after their mineralization in a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. Results of this analysis indicated that these NDs must be considered as nutrient-dense foods, taking into account mineral constituents. Consumption of two bottles of such NDs per day provides very a high amount or even an excess of human daily requirements set as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Generally, concentrations of determined elements in examined NDs were consistent with data given on the labels - most of differences did not exceed 30% (median: -5.91%, standard deviation: 14%). Discovered very strong and moderate positive correlations between concentrations of major and essential elements (Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) were likely due to their incorporation into formulations of analyzed NDs. However, relationships between contents of trace elements were the result of concomitance of these elements in substrates used for examined products production or contamination of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leśniewicz
- Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy Division, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże St. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | | | - Paweł Pohl
- Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy Division, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże St. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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