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Barati M, Jabbari M, Teymoori F, Farhadnejad H, Khalili-Moghadam S, Roshanravan N, Mosharkesh E, Kazemian E, Mirmiran P, Davoodi SH, Azizi F. Dairy-originated digestion-resistant and bioactive peptides increase the risk of hypertension: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1194-1204. [PMID: 34226677 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Milk-protein-derived bioactive peptides (BPs) have been proposed as modulators of different regulatory processes involved in blood pressure regulation. Studies on the long-term effects of BPs on blood pressure have not yet been conducted. We aimed to investigate the association of dairy-originated BPs with the risk of hypertension (HTN) in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Cohort Study (TLGS). In this cohort study, 4378 subjects with a mean follow-up period of 3.1 years were included in the final analysis. Dietary intake, physical activity, demographic, and anthropometric data and blood pressure measurements were obtained for all participants. Various types of dairy-originated BPs were determined by an in silico method. High intake of total digestion-resistant and bioactive peptides (OR: 1.31, CI 95%: 1.01-1.70), dipeptides (OR: 1.33, CI 95%: 1.03-1.73), peptides with more than seven residues (OR: 1.32, CI 95%: 1.01-1.71), glycosylated residues (OR: 1.39, CI 95%: 1.07-1.80), highly hydrophilic peptides (OR: 1.32, CI 95%: 1.01-1.71), and low hydrophobic peptides (OR: 1.32, CI 95%: 1.01-1.71) was associated with an increased risk of HTN in the adjusted model. In addition, subjects in the higher tertile of anti-HTN peptide (OR: 1.33, CI 95%: 1.02-1.72) and antidiabetic peptide (OR: 1.35, CI 95%: 1.04-1.76) intake had a higher risk of HTN than those in the lower tertile. No significant association emerged between calcium intake from dairy and incident risk of HTN. Our results showed that the intake of some forms of digestion-resistant and BPs, such as anti-HTN peptides, dipeptides, and peptides with more than seven residues, can increase the risk of HTN in the TLGS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Barati
- Student Research Committee, Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jabbari
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Khalili-Moghadam
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Mosharkesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemian
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayed Hossein Davoodi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moosmang S, Siltari A, Bolzer MT, Kiechl S, Sturm S, Stuppner H. Development, validation, and application of a fast, simple, and robust SPE-based LC-MS/MS method for quantification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibiting tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro, Ile-Pro-Pro, and Leu-Pro-Pro in yoghurt and other fermented dairy products. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Li S, Bu T, Zheng J, Liu L, He G, Wu J. Preparation, Bioavailability, and Mechanism of Emerging Activities of Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1097-1110. [PMID: 33337010 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro are two most well-known food-derived bioactive peptides, initially identified as inhibitors of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) from a sample of sour milk. These two peptides were identified in fermented and enzymatic hydrolyzed cow and non-cow (that is, goat, sheep, buffalo, yak, camel, mare, and donkey) milk, as well as sourdough prepared from wheat, rye, and malt. Similar to other bioactive peptides, bioavailability of these peptides is low (about 0.1%), reaching picomolar concentration in human plasma; they showed blood pressure lowering activity in animals and in human, via improved endothelial function, activation of ACE2, and anti-inflammatory property. Emerging bioactivities of these two peptides toward against metabolic syndrome and bone-protection received limited attention, but may open up new applications of these peptides as functional food ingredients. Further studies are warranted to determine the best source as well as to identify novel enzymes (particularly from traditional fermented milk products) to improve the efficiency of production, to characterize possible peptide receptors using a combination of omics technology with molecular methods to understand if these two peptides act as signal-like molecules, to improve their bioavailability, and to explore new applications based on emerging bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Ningbo Research Inst., Zhejiang Univ., Ningbo, 315100, China.,ZJU-UA Joint Lab for Molecular Nutrition and Bioactive Peptides, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tingting Bu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Ningbo Research Inst., Zhejiang Univ., Ningbo, 315100, China.,ZJU-UA Joint Lab for Molecular Nutrition and Bioactive Peptides, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiexia Zheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Ningbo Research Inst., Zhejiang Univ., Ningbo, 315100, China.,ZJU-UA Joint Lab for Molecular Nutrition and Bioactive Peptides, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Ningbo Research Inst., Zhejiang Univ., Ningbo, 315100, China.,ZJU-UA Joint Lab for Molecular Nutrition and Bioactive Peptides, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guoqing He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Ningbo Research Inst., Zhejiang Univ., Ningbo, 315100, China.,ZJU-UA Joint Lab for Molecular Nutrition and Bioactive Peptides, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- ZJU-UA Joint Lab for Molecular Nutrition and Bioactive Peptides, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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4
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Siltari A, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Milk and milk‐derived peptides combat against hypertension and vascular dysfunction: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Siltari
- Faculty of Medicine Pharmacology University of Helsinki Helsinki FI‐00014 Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Faculty of Medicine Pharmacology University of Helsinki Helsinki FI‐00014 Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine Pharmacology University of Helsinki Helsinki FI‐00014 Finland
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5
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Martin M, Deussen A. Effects of natural peptides from food proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme activity and hypertension. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1264-1283. [PMID: 29244531 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1402750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. The underlying pathophysiology is largely contributed by an overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS). Herein, angiotensin II (AngII) is a key mediator not only in blood pressure control and vascular tone regulation, but also involved in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension and congestive heart failure. Since more than three decades suppression of AngII generation by inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the AngII-receptor has shown clinical benefit by reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and other inflammation-associated cardiovascular diseases. Besides pharmaceutical ACE-inhibitors some natural peptides derived from food proteins reduce in vitro ACE activity. Several animal studies and a few human clinical trials have shown antihypertensive effects of such peptides, which might be attractive as food additives to prevent age-related RAAS activation. However, their inhibitory potency on in vitro ACE activity does not always correlate with an antihypertensive impact. While some peptides with high inhibitory activity on ACE-activity in vitro show no antihypertensive effect in vivo, other peptides with only a moderate ACE inhibitory activity in vitro cause such effects. The explanation for this conflicting phenomenon between inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect remains unclear to date. This review shall critically address the effects of natural peptides derived from different food proteins on the cardiovascular system and the possible underlying mechanisms. A central aspect will be to point to conceptual gaps in the current understanding of the action of these peptides with respect to in vivo blood pressure lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Martin
- a Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Deussen
- a Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Germany
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Elkhtab E, El-Alfy M, Shenana M, Mohamed A, Yousef AE. New potentially antihypertensive peptides liberated in milk during fermentation with selected lactic acid bacteria and kombucha cultures. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9508-9520. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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García-Tejedor A, Manzanares P, Castelló-Ruiz M, Moscardó A, Marcos JF, Salom JB. Vasoactive properties of antihypertensive lactoferrin-derived peptides in resistance vessels: Effects in small mesenteric arteries from SHR rats. Life Sci 2017; 186:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Current opinion strongly links nutrition and health. Among nutrients, proteins, and peptides which are encrypted in their sequences and released during digestion could play a key role in improving health. These peptides have been claimed to be active on a wide spectrum of biological functions or diseases, including blood pressure and metabolic risk factors (coagulation, obesity, lipoprotein metabolism, and peroxidation), gut and neurological functions, immunity, cancer, dental health, and mineral metabolism. A majority of studies involved dairy peptides, but the properties of vegetal, animal, and sea products were also assessed. However, these allegations are mainly based on in vitro and experimental studies which are seldom confirmed in humans. This review focused on molecules which were tested in humans, and on the mechanisms explaining discrepancies between experimental and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saïd Bouhallab
- b STLO, UMR1253, INRA, Agrocamus Ouest , Rennes , France
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9
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In vivo antihypertensive mechanism of lactoferrin-derived peptides: Reversion of angiotensin I- and angiotensin II-induced hypertension in Wistar rats. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Zhao H, Zhou F, Wang L, Fengling B, Dziugan P, Walczak P, Zhang B. Characterization of a bioactive peptide with cytomodulatory effect released from casein. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Perego S, Zabeo A, Marasco E, Giussani P, Fiorilli A, Tettamanti G, Ferraretto A. Casein phosphopeptides modulate calcium uptake and apoptosis in Caco2 cells through their interaction with the TRPV6 calcium channel. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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12
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Blood-pressure-lowering effect of fermented buckwheat sprouts in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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13
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Ehlers PI, Kivimäki AS, Siltari A, Turpeinen AM, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Plant sterols and casein-derived tripeptides attenuate blood pressure increase in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nutr Res 2012; 32:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Ricci-Cabello I, Herrera MO, Artacho R. Possible role of milk-derived bioactive peptides in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:241-55. [PMID: 22458697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome as well as its impact on public health has garnered increased attention in recent years. As a result, metabolic syndrome is now considered one of the world's leading public health problems. Bioactive peptides deriving from milk proteins may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and its complications via several mechanisms, such as the satiety response, the regulation of insulinemia levels and blood pressure, the uptake of free radicals, and alteration of the lipid profile. These peptides can be incorporated into functional foods or administered via nutraceuticals to decrease the risk of obesity, atherogenesis, arterial hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Recent findings have generated considerable scientific and commercial interest in milk-derived bioactive peptides, leading to numerous publications on the effectiveness of these substances. This review summarizes the current knowledge on bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins and examines the potential value of these peptides in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ricci-Cabello
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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15
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Martínez-Maqueda D, Miralles B, Recio I, Hernández-Ledesma B. Antihypertensive peptides from food proteins: a review. Food Funct 2012; 3:350-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Muro Urista C, Álvarez Fernández R, Riera Rodriguez F, Arana Cuenca A, Téllez Jurado A. Review: Production and functionality of active peptides from milk. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2011; 17:293-317. [PMID: 21917640 DOI: 10.1177/1082013211398801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research on the production of active peptides obtained from milk and their potential functionality has grown, to a great extent. Bioactive peptides have been defined as specific protein fragments that have a positive impact on body functions or conditions, and they may ultimately have an influence on health. Individual proteins of casein or milk-derived products such as cheese and yogurt have been used as a protein source to study the isolation and activity of peptides with several applications. Currently, the milk whey waste obtained in the production of cheese also represents a protein source from which active peptides could be isolated with potential industrial applications. The active properties of milk peptides and the results found with regard to their physiological effects have led to the classification of peptides as belonging to the group of ingredients of protein nature, appropriate for use in functional foods or pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, the main peptides obtained from milk protein and the past research studies about its production and biological activities will be explained. Second, an analysis will be made on the methods to determinate the biological activities, the separation of bioactive peptides and its structure identification. All of these form the base required to obtain synthetic peptides. Finally, we explain the experimental animal and human trials done in the past years. Nevertheless, more research is required on the design and implementation of equipment for the industrial production and separation of peptides. In addition, different authors suggest that more emphasis should therefore be given to preclinical studies, proving that results are consistent and that effects are demonstrated repeatedly by several research human groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muro Urista
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Investigation, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca. Av. Tecnológico s/n Ex-Rancho la Virgen, Toluca, C.P. 52140, México.
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Kivimäki AS, Ehlers PI, Turpeinen AM, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Lingonberry juice improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of mesenteric arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats in a long-term intervention. J Funct Foods 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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18
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to isoleucyl‐prolyl‐proline (IPP) and valyl‐prolyl‐proline (VPP) and maintenance of normal blood pressure pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Hernández-Ledesma B, del Mar Contreras M, Recio I. Antihypertensive peptides: production, bioavailability and incorporation into foods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 165:23-35. [PMID: 21185549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive food peptides are encrypted within the sequence of food proteins but can be released during food processing (by enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation) or during gastrointestinal transit. Among bioactive food peptides, those with antihypertensive activity are receiving special attention due to the high prevalence of hypertension in the Western countries and its role in cardiovascular diseases. This paper reviews the current literature on antihypertensive food peptides, focusing on the main methodologies for their production, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation and the use of recombinant bacteria. This paper also describes the structure/activity relationship of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides, as well as their bioavailability, physiological effects demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo assays, and the contribution of mechanisms of action other than ACE inhibition. Finally, current reported strategies for incorporation of antihypertensive peptides into foods and their effects on both availability and activity are revised in this manuscript.
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Turpeinen AM, Ehlers PI, Kivimäki AS, Järvenpää S, Filler I, Wiegert E, Jähnchen E, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R, Wagner F. Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro tripeptide-containing milk product has acute blood pressure lowering effects in mildly hypertensive subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33:388-96. [PMID: 21649532 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2010.549267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Casein-derived tripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and valine-proline-proline (Val-Pro-Pro) lower blood pressure (BP) in long-term clinical studies. Their acute effects on BP and vascular function, important for daily dosing scheme, were studied in a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study using a single oral dose of a fermented milk product containing Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro as well as plant sterols. Twenty-five subjects with untreated mild hypertension received in random order 250 g of study product (25 mg peptides and 2 g plant sterols) or placebo. Ambulatory BP was monitored for 8 h post-dose and arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave analysis at 2, 4, and 8 h. Blood and urine samples were analyzed for markers of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and endothelial function. Baseline adjusted treatment effect for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial BP was -2.1 mmHg (95% CI: -4.1 to -0.1, p = 0.045), -1.6 mmHg (95% CI: -3.1 to -0.1, p = 0.03), and -1,9 mmHg (95% CI: -3-3 to -0.4, p = 0.0093), respectively, in favor of the active treatment for 8 h post- dose. No significant differences between the treatments were seen in brachial or aortic augmentation index, pulse wave velocity, or markers of RAS. Urinary excretion of cGMP, the second messenger of endothelial nitric oxide, was higher in the active group vs. placebo (p = 0.01). The results indicate that a single dose of a fermented milk product containing Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro and plant sterols acutely lowers brachial SBP and DBP in mildly hypertensive subjects.
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21
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High blood pressure-lowering and vasoprotective effects of milk products in experimental hypertension. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1353-63. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Milk casein-derived angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory tripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and valine-proline-proline (Val-Pro-Pro) have been shown to have antihypertensive effects in human subjects and to attenuate the development of hypertension in experimental models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a fermented milk product containing Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro and plant sterols on already established hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and aortic gene expression. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 195 mmHg were given either active milk (tripeptides and plant sterols), milk or water ad libitum for 6 weeks. SBP was measured weekly by the tail-cuff method. The endothelial function of mesenteric arteries was investigated at the end of the study. Aortas were collected for DNA microarray study (Affymetrix Rat Gene 1.0 ST Array). The main finding was that active milk decreased SBP by 16 mmHg compared with water (178 (sem 3) v. 195 (sem 3) mmHg; P < 0·001). Milk also had an antihypertensive effect. Active milk improved mesenteric artery endothelial dysfunction by NO-dependent and endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor-dependent mechanisms. Treatment with active milk caused mild changes in aortic gene expression; twenty-seven genes were up-regulated and eighty-two down-regulated. Using the criteria for fold change (fc) < 0·833 or > 1·2 and P < 0·05, the most affected (down-regulated) signalling pathways were hedgehog, chemokine and leucocyte transendothelial migration pathways. ACE expression was also slightly decreased (fc 0·86; P = 0·047). In conclusion, long-term treatment with fermented milk enriched with tripeptides and plant sterols decreases SBP, improves endothelial dysfunction and affects signalling pathways related to inflammatory responses in SHR.
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Sánchez D, Kassan M, Contreras MDM, Carrón R, Recio I, Montero MJ, Sevilla MÁ. Long-term intake of a milk casein hydrolysate attenuates the development of hypertension and involves cardiovascular benefits. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:398-404. [PMID: 21300153 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is considered a serious health problem and diet can play an important role in its prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the long-term intake of a product based on milk casein hydrolysate on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A daily dose of 800 mg/kg body weight of the casein hydrolysate product was administered dissolved in drinking water during 6 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured weekly by the tail-cuff method. Endothelial function in aorta and mesenteric segments, left ventricular hypertrophy, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in aorta and plasmatic angiotensin conversion enzyme (ACE) activity were also evaluated at the end of treatment. The development of hypertension was attenuated in the group treated with the casein hydrolysate product; in this sense the systolic blood pressure increased 33±3 mmHg in control group and only 18±5 mmHg in the treated group during the experimental period. In addition, the treatment improved aorta and mesenteric acetylcholine relaxations and increased the eNOS expression in aorta. Left ventricular hypertrophy decreased in treated SHR accompanied by a significant decrease in interstitial fibrosis. These results warrant evaluation in humans to determine if the product based on a casein hydrolysate could be used as a functional food ingredient to prevent blood pressure increased with additional cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Nagpal R, Behare P, Rana R, Kumar A, Kumar M, Arora S, Morotta F, Jain S, Yadav H. Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins and their health beneficial potentials: an update. Food Funct 2010; 2:18-27. [PMID: 21773582 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well recognized that dietary proteins provide a rich source of biologically active peptides. Today, milk proteins are considered the most important source of bioactive peptides and an increasing number of bioactive peptides have been identified in milk protein hydrolysates and fermented dairy products. Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins offer a promising approach for the promotion of health by means of a tailored diet and provide interesting opportunities to the dairy industry for expansion of its field of operation. The potential health benefits of milk protein-derived peptides have been a subject of growing commercial interest in the context of health-promoting functional foods. Hence, these peptides are being incorporated in the form of ingredients in functional and novel foods, dietary supplements and even pharmaceuticals with the purpose of delivering specific health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Biotechnology, JMIT Institute of Engineering and Technology, Radaur 135133, Haryana, India
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Ehlers PI, Nurmi L, Turpeinen AM, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Casein-derived tripeptide Ile-Pro-Pro improves angiotensin-(1-7)- and bradykinin-induced rat mesenteric artery relaxation. Life Sci 2010; 88:206-11. [PMID: 21056585 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Milk casein-derived bioactive tripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and valine-proline-proline (Val-Pro-Pro) lower blood pressure in animal models of hypertension and humans. In some studies, their angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory effect has been demonstrated. Besides classical ACE-angiotensin II-AT(1)-receptor pathway (ACE-Ang II- AT(1)), the significance of ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas-receptor (ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas) axis in the blood pressure regulation has now been acknowledged. The present study was aimed to further evaluate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-related vascular effects of Ile-Pro-Pro in vitro using rat mesenteric arteries. MAIN METHODS Superior mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were isolated, cut into rings and mounted in standard organ bath chambers. Endothelium-intact arterial rings were incubated in Krebs solution either with Ile-Pro-Pro, proline-proline (Pro-Pro), isoleucine (Ile), proline (Pro) or captopril for 6h at +37°C and vascular reactivity was measured. KEY FINDINGS In the presence of AT(1)-antagonist valsartan, Ang II induced vasodilatation, which was more pronounced in the arteries incubated with Ile-Pro-Pro (P<0.05) compared to the other compounds. Ang-(1-7)-induced vasodilatation was augmented by Ile-Pro-Pro or Pro (P<0.001 vs. control). Mas-receptor antagonist A-779 did not alter the responses. Ile-Pro-Pro and Pro augmented also bradykinin-induced relaxations (P<0.001 vs. control). Control arteries and arteries incubated with captopril showed only slight relaxations at higher bradykinin concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE Casein-derived tripeptide Ile-Pro-Pro and amino acid Pro enhance the vasodilatory effect of Ang-(1-7) and bradykinin. The role of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis in the modulation of vascular tone by these compounds seems probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina I Ehlers
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Jäkälä P, Vapaatalo H. Antihypertensive Peptides from Milk Proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:251-272. [PMID: 27713251 PMCID: PMC3991029 DOI: 10.3390/ph3010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary proteins possess a wide range of nutritional and functional properties. They are used as a source of energy and amino acids, which are needed for growth and development. Many dietary proteins, especially milk proteins, contain physiologically active peptides encrypted in the protein sequence. These peptides may be released during gastrointestinal digestion or food processing and once liberated, cause different physiological functions. Milk-derived bioactive peptides are shown to have antihypertensive, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidative and mineral-binding properties. During the fermentation of milk with certain lactobacilli, two interesting tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro are released from casein to the final product. These lactotripeptides have attenuated the development of hypertension in several animal models and lowered blood pressure in clinical studies. They inhibit ACE in vitro at micromolar concentrations, protect endothelial function in vitro and reduce arterial stiffness in humans. Thus, milk as a traditional food product can after certain processing serve as a functional food and carry specific health-promoting effects, providing an option to control blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Jäkälä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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