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Najafi N, Mehri S, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of alpha lipoic acid on metabolic syndrome: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2300-2323. [PMID: 35234312 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disease with medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) possesses various pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic, antiobesity, hypotensive, and hypolipidemia actions. It exhibits reactive oxygen species scavenger properties against oxidation and age-related inflammation and refines MetS components. Also, α-LA activates the 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and inhibits the NFκb. It can decrease cholesterol biosynthesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and vascular stiffness. α-LA decreases lipogenesis, cholesterol biosynthesis, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels, and atherosclerosis. Moreover, α-LA increases insulin secretion, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity. These changes occur via PI3K/Akt activation. On the other hand, α-LA treats central obesity by increasing adiponectin levels and mitochondrial biogenesis and can reduce food intake mainly by SIRT1 stimulation. In this review, the most relevant articles have been discussed to determine the effects of α-LA on different components of MetS with a special focus on different molecular mechanisms behind these effects. This review exhibits the potential properties of α-LA in managing MetS; however, high-quality studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of α-LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Frankhouser DE, Steck S, Sovic MG, Belury MA, Wang Q, Clinton SK, Bundschuh R, Yan PS, Yee LD. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake impacts peripheral blood DNA methylation -anti-inflammatory effects and individual variability in a pilot study. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 99:108839. [PMID: 34411715 PMCID: PMC9142761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are widely studied for health benefits that may relate to anti-inflammatory activity. However, mechanisms mediating an anti-inflammatory response to n-3 PUFA intake are not fully understood. Of interest is the emerging role of fatty acids to impact DNA methylation (DNAm) and thereby modulate mediating inflammatory processes. In this pilot study, we investigated the impact of n-3 PUFA intake on DNAm in inflammation-related signaling pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women at high risk of breast cancer. PBMCs of women at high risk of breast cancer (n=10) were obtained at baseline and after 6 months of n-3 PUFA (5 g/d EPA+DHA dose arm) intake in a previously reported dose finding trial. DNA methylation of PBMCs was assayed by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to obtain genome-wide methylation profiles at the single nucleotide level. We examined the impact of n-3 PUFA on genome-wide DNAm and focused upon a set of candidate genes associated with inflammation signaling pathways and breast cancer. We identified 24,842 differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) in gene promoters of 5507 genes showing significant enrichment for hypermethylation in both the candidate gene and genome-wide analyses. Pathway analysis identified significantly hypermethylated signaling networks after n-3 PUFA treatment, such as the Toll-like Receptor inflammatory pathway. The DNAm pattern in individuals and the response to n-3 PUFA intake are heterogeneous. PBMC DNAm profiling suggests a mechanism whereby n-3 PUFAs may impact inflammatory cascades associated with disease processes including carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Frankhouser
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah Steck
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael G Sovic
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Martha A Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 281 W Lane Ave, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue Columbus OH 43210, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Bundschuh
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 281 W Lane Ave, Columbus OH 43210, USA,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Pearlly S Yan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 10th Avenue Columbus OH 43210, USA,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisa D Yee
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
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