Synthesis of fluoro and trifluoromethyl substituents containing novel tetracyclic N-benzylated benzopiperazine fused acridone regioisomers using a greener solvent 2-MeTHF and their DFT studies

Design, spectroscopic analysis, DFT calculations, adsorption evaluation, molecular docking, comprehensive in silico and in vitro bioactivity studies of thiocarbohydrazide grafted dialdehyde cellulose nanobiosorbent

Heavy metals have attracted considerable attention lately because of their widespread occurrence in aquatic environments and potential biological toxicity to animals and human. The current investigation focused on synthesizing the DAC@TCH nanobiosorbent by coupling dialdehyde cellulose with thiocarbohydrazide ligand. Subsequent characterization of DAC@TCH was carried out utilizing various analytical methods such as elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTA). DFT calculations were utilized to verify the molecular structure, analysis of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and reactivity descriptor for all phases. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the biological properties of the DAC@TCH nanobiosorbent. These findings revealed that the synthesized DAC@TCH nanobiosorbent has been observed to show effective antibacterial IZD value against E. Coli (28 mm) which is superior to the efficacy of standard drug amoxicillin used (5 mm). Furthermore, in silico antibacterial activities (molecular docking) of the DAC@TCH have indicated this to exhibit excellent efficacy with docking score of (-7.4237 kcal/mol) and (-7.1325 kcal/mol) for S. aureus and, E. coli, respectively. Meanwhile the binding energies (best docking scores) in kcal/mol for Amoxicillin are (-5.8090) and (-6.7442) for S. aureus and, E. coli, respectively. Drug-likeness rules like Lipinski's, Veber's and Egan's were considered for a more comprehensive evaluation. The prepared DAC@TCH nanobiosorbent was investigated for its potential to adsorb metal ions (Ag+, Hg2+, and Cu2+) from diverse water samples. Optimal conditions including pH, temperature, DAC@TCH dosage, oscillation time, initial metal ion concentration, and interference from other ions were explored. The adsorption of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ag+ ions by DAC@TCH followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isothermal model, achieving maximum adsorption capacities of 196 mg/g for Ag+, 190 mg/g for Hg2+, and 73 mg/g for Cu2+. The adsorption process was determined to be exothermic and spontaneous across varying temperatures. Additionally, over 95% of adsorbed metal ions were effectively desorbed using thiourea (5%) and 0.3 M HNO3 elution mixture. DAC@TCH nanobiosorbent demonstrated excellent reusability, retaining its adsorption capacity through five cycles without degradation. The study highlights the potential of DAC@TCH for efficient recovery of heavy metals from different water sources, considering its application versatility, reusability, and minimal interference. Furthermore, the plausible mechanism of Ag+, Hg2+, and Cu2+ adsorption onto DAC@TCH bionanosorbent is elucidated.

Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review

Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.

A Comprehensive Examination of Heterocyclic Scaffold Chemistry for Antitubercular Activity

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease which affects humans particularly the lungs and is transmitted mainly through air. Despite two decades of intensive research aimed at understanding and combating tuberculosis, persistent biological uncertainties continue to hinder progress. Nowadays, heterocyclic compounds have proven themselves in effective treatment of tuberculosis because of their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Antituberculosis or antimycobacterial agents encompass a broad array of compounds utilized singly or in conjunction to combat Mycobacterium infections, spanning from tuberculosis to leprosy. Here, we summarize the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds which includes the greener synthetic route as well as use of nano compounds as catalyst along with their anti TB activities.

Synthesis of molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801): a promising oral drug for the treatment of COVID-19 starting from cytidine

The present work describes the synthesis of molnupiravir by employing commercially available inexpensive materials in two steps with an overall yield of 85.7%. The synthetic methodology starts with an eco-friendly starting material, that is, cytidine and establishes an alternative way to avoid costly enzyme mediated reactions. This synthetic strategy involves a selective acylation of cytidine as the first key step followed by the second step, that is, hydroxamination reaction. The major advantage of this protocol is that it is completely free of protection and deprotection reactions. Chemoselective acylation of cytidine's primary alcohol was achieved using isobutyryl chloride, Et₃N, and DMF solvent (89.3% yield). The aqueous phase transformation was achieved for the hydroxamination reaction with a 96% yield.

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Fluoro and Trifluoromethyl Substituents Containing Novel Naphthoquinone-Fused Podophyllotoxins

A series of novel naphthoquinone-fused podophyllotoxins containing fluoro and trifluoromethyl substituents were synthesized in a medium with good yields using two different synthetic approaches: microwave-assisted four-component reactions of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, tetronic acid, fluorinated arylaldehydes, and ammonium acetate, and microwave-assisted three-component reactions of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, tetronic acid, and fluorinated arylaldehydes. The structures of all products were confirmed by spectral analysis. Together, cytotoxicity assessment of the products against four human cancer cell lines (human carcinoma [KB], human hepatocellular carcinoma [HepG2], lung cancer [A549], breast carcinoma [MCF7], and human embryonic kidney [Hek-293]) was performed by MTT assay. Among the obtained compounds, compound 7f turned out to be the most potent anticancer agent with significant cytotoxic activity against KB, HepG2, and MCF cancer cell lines.