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Lei X, Sasisekaran J, Nguyen-Feng VN. The experience of stuttering in everyday life among adults who stutter: The impact of trait social anxiety and the social situations. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2024; 80:106061. [PMID: 38788243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional and stuttering experience of adults who stutter (AWS) in everyday life, and how that experience may be shaped by personal (i.e., trait social anxiety) and situational factors (i.e., social partner reaction, communication channel type, social closeness, stuttering knowledge). METHOD AWS completed ecological momentary assessments on their smartphones multiple times a day for up to three weeks. Data (n = 62) were analyzed with multilevel models to determine how situational factors and trait social anxiety influence the Negative Affect (NA), Positive Affect (PA), and self-reported stuttering severity of AWS. RESULTS Results indicated that having high (vs. low) trait social anxiety was associated with a tendency to experience high NA, low PA, and high self-reported stuttering severity among AWS. A range of situational factors significantly influenced the within-person variation of NA, PA, and self-reported stuttering severity in everyday life. In addition, interacting with distant social partners relative to being alone heightened NA, and the effect was more prominent among AWS with high (vs. low) trait social anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings suggest that the variation of affects and stuttering severity among AWS can be partly accounted for by factors from both the situational and personal levels. Clinicians should be aware of the low PA experienced by AWS who have high (vs low) trait social anxiety in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Lei
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Shevlin Hall, 164 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA.
| | - Jayanthi Sasisekaran
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Shevlin Hall, 164 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Viann N Nguyen-Feng
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 320 BohH, 1207 Ordean Court, Duluth 55812, MN, USA
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Hart AK, Breen LJ, Hennessey NW, Beilby JM. Evaluation of an Integrated Fluency and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Adolescents and Adults Who Stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:1003-1019. [PMID: 38358941 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental stuttering is a complex and multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder that may cause pervasive negative consequences for adults who stutter (AWS). Historically, intervention for AWS has primarily addressed speech fluency, with less focus on the covert psychosocial aspects of the disorder. The purpose of this article is to report on a feasibility trial evaluating a novel integrated intervention that combines traditional stuttering management techniques with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for AWS. METHOD Twenty-nine AWS participated in the feasibility trial. All participants successfully completed a combined fluency and ACT intervention, titled the fluency and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Stuttering (fACTS) Program. As this was a feasibility study, no control group was included. Intervention was administered by two certified practicing speech-language pathologists, over eight 60- to 90-min sessions. RESULTS Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to determine change from pre- to post-intervention and follow-up. Significant pre- and post-intervention improvements in self-efficacy, psychosocial functioning, and psychological flexibility were observed, along with significant reductions in observable stuttering behaviors (i.e., stuttered speech frequency). Intervention gains for all variables of interest were maintained 3 and 6 months post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS The fACTS Program was created to be a holistic and flexible intervention to promote self-efficacy beliefs and address stuttering-related psychosocial impacts and speech fluency goals of AWS. Preliminary results indicated positive improvement in all psychosocial outcomes (i.e., self-efficacy, psychosocial impact, and psychological flexibility) and observable speech fluency following completion of the program. Future clinical trials of the fACTS Program with an included control group will further investigate the mechanisms of change for the positive effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K Hart
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren J Breen
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Neville W Hennessey
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janet M Beilby
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Hernandez A, Busquets P, Jimenez R, Scanlan J. Mood states and academic performance in the objective structured clinical examination. The mediating effect of self-efficacy. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2024; 135:106116. [PMID: 38364350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of self-efficacy on academic outcomes in clinical simulation evaluations is well-known. However, no previous studies have reported the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the link between mood state and academic performance in the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). OBJECTIVES This study explores the following aims: i) to determine the effects of mood states on academic performance; ii) to assess the effect of mood states on self-efficacy; and iii) to analyze whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between mood state and academic performance in the OSCE. DESIGN This quantitative and cross-sectional study received Institutional Review Board approval. SETTINGS A private university in Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 117 nursing students from fourth and sixth semester. METHODS Data were collected using two questionnaires (the short version of the Profile of Mood State, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale), and the objective structured clinical examination in adult medical-surgical nursing and pediatric nursing courses. RESULTS Mood state has a significant effect on self-efficacy β = -0.068 p = .001. There was, however, no significant relationship between mood and academic performance (= - 0.004 p = .114). Similarly, Sobel's test indicated a non-significant mediation effect for self-efficacy-0.000544; 95 %; CI (-0.00256, 0.00148) p = .597. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study improve the understanding of students' self-efficacy and academic performance. Further investigation regarding the use of the self-efficacy construct as a mediating variable in different high-stakes evaluations and in students with varying training levels is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hernandez
- Nursing School, Finis Terrae University, Pedro de Valdivia Avenue, 1509, Providencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Pilar Busquets
- Nursing School, Finis Terrae University, Pedro de Valdivia Avenue, 1509, Providencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Rosa Jimenez
- Nursing School, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Pedro de Valdivia Avenue, 425, Providencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Judith Scanlan
- College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Curry Pl, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M6, Canada.
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Panzarino R, Vanryckeghem M, Bedwell JS, Wendt O. Relationships Between Psychological Distress and Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Experiences of Stuttering. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024; 33:262-278. [PMID: 37956694 DOI: 10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE People who stutter (PWS) are vulnerable to the development of various psychopathological symptoms, although prevalence data are mixed and less clarity exists about factors that potentially influence their occurrence. The current study sought to shed light on the prevalence of self-reported psychopathology in PWS and aimed to identify relationships between affective, behavioral, and cognitive (ABC) experiences of stuttering and psychological distress (PD). METHOD Forty-four PWS were administered the Behavior Assessment Battery (BAB) for Adults who Stutter and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. The prevalence of clinically significant PD was calculated via BSI-18 global severity index t-score cutoffs. Regression analyses examined relationships between ABC variables of stuttering and PD. RESULTS Participants' BAB scores approximated normative values, while the PD score distribution was similar to that of a nonclinical sample. Nine percent of participants met thresholds for clinically significant PD. All ABC correlates of stuttering significantly and positively correlated with PD scores, capturing considerable amounts of shared variance. CONCLUSIONS Levels of PD in PWS approximate those of the general community, highlighting the existence of psychologically distressed subgroups of PWS. Speech situation-specific anxiety had the strongest relationship to PD, followed closely by one's report of situation-specific speech disruption. To a lesser but still significant extent, PWS' frequency to which they engage in various avoidance/escape behaviors, as well as their communication attitude, predicted levels of psychopathology. These data inform diagnostic and clinical decision making, drawing attention to factors that should be attended to in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Vanryckeghem
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | | | - Oliver Wendt
- Department of Inclusive Education, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Families and Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Tran Y, Blumgart E, Craig A. Situational Embarrassment and Its Relationship to Social Anxiety in Adults Who Stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:3759-3768. [PMID: 34516233 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Adults who stutter (AWS) have increased risk of comorbid social anxiety about speaking in social contexts. AWS also report experiencing embarrassment in different social situations; however, research has rarely been conducted on embarrassment and its relationship to social anxiety in AWS. Method AWS (N = 200) reported their level of embarrassment on four 10-point Likert items when speaking in four situational contexts: at home, to an individual important to them, in social groups, and at work. Participants were also assessed for sociodemographic, stuttering, and anxiety variables. Construct validity for the four embarrassment items was examined, the extent of embarrassment established in the four contexts as a function of age and sex, and the relationship of embarrassment to social anxiety evaluated. Results Evidence of acceptable construct validity and reliability is presented for the four embarrassment Likert items. Sixty-five percent of the sample experienced high levels of embarrassment when speaking in groups or at work, while 35.5% experienced high levels when speaking at home or to an individual important to them. Participants were significantly more embarrassed (p < .01) when speaking at work or when socializing in groups. Embarrassment was lowest when speaking in the home. Younger females were significantly more embarrassed when speaking at work or when socializing in groups. Those with high embarrassment scores on all four items were more likely to have elevated social anxiety scores (p < .001). Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that the assessment of situational embarrassment could be an important clinical measure that may help improve stuttering treatment outcomes that also target social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Tran
- Macquarie University Hearing, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine Blumgart
- Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashley Craig
- Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lowe R, Menzies R, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. Speech and Anxiety Management With Persistent Stuttering: Current Status and Essential Research. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:59-74. [PMID: 33400555 PMCID: PMC8608149 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of the current evidence base for the behavioral management of stuttering and associated social anxiety. Method We overview recent research about stuttering and social anxiety in the context of contemporary cognitive models of social anxiety disorder. That emerging evidence for self-focused attention and safety behavior use with those who stutter is considered in relation to current treatment approaches for stuttering: speech restructuring and social anxiety management. Results The emerging information about social anxiety and stuttering suggests a conflict between the two clinical approaches. For those clients who wish to control their stuttering and where speech restructuring is deemed the most suitable approach, it is possible that speech restructuring may (a) induce or increase self-focused attention, (b) promote the use of safety behaviors, and (c) become a safety behavior itself. This conflict needs to be explored further within clinical and research contexts. Conclusions The issues raised in this review article are complex. It appears that evidence-based speech treatment procedures are in conflict with current best-practice treatment procedures that deal with social anxiety. In this review article, we propose directions for future research to inform the development of improved treatments for those who stutter and recommendations for interim clinical management of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Lowe
- Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross Menzies
- Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Onslow
- Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann Packman
- Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sue O'Brian
- Australian Stuttering Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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Freud D, Amir O. Resilience in people who stutter: Association with covert and overt characteristics of stuttering. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2020; 64:105761. [PMID: 32179250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent literature stresses the importance of resilience, as a trait, for successful coping with life's difficulties or stressors. However, only a limited number of studies were conducted on resilience among people-who-stutter (PWS). These studies did not examine the association between resilience and the specific characteristics of stuttering. This study was, therefore, aimed to directly examine the association between resilience and measures of both the covert and overt characteristics of stuttering. METHOD Thirty adults who stutter completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Overall Assessment of Speaker's Experience of Stuttering - Adults (OASES-A). In addition, stuttering severity of all participants was quantified using the Stuttering Severity Instrument-4 (SSI-4). The associations between all measures were examined statistically. RESULTS A strong and significant association was found between the participants' scores on the CD-RISC and the OASES-A (r= -.79, p < .001). In contrast, no significant correlation was found between the participants' scores in the CD-RISC and the SSI-4 (r = .02, p > .05). Within our cohort, no significant association was observed between the participants' gender and age and their resilience levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the role of resilience in shaping the individual's experience with stuttering. Results also show that the individuals' resilience levels do not necessarily predict stuttering severity per se, or its overt manifestations but can predict the individuals' subjective perception of his/her stuttering. This highlights the importance of addressing and promoting resilience among PWS in stuttering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Freud
- Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Ofer Amir
- Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Boyle MP, Beita-Ell C, Milewski KM, Fearon AN. Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support as Predictors of Communicative Participation in Adults Who Stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:1893-1906. [PMID: 29998290 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify contributors to communicative participation in adults who stutter. Specifically, it was of interest to determine whether psychosocial variables of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support were predictive of communicative participation beyond contributions of demographic and speech-related variables. METHOD Adults who stutter (N = 339) completed an online survey that included measures of communicative participation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, social support, self-reported speech-related variables (speech usage, number of years stuttering, history of treatment and self-help support group participation for stuttering, and physical speech disruption severity), and demographics (age, sex, living situation, education, and employment status). Hierarchical regression was performed for prediction of communicative participation, in addition to calculating Spearman correlations between social roles variables, communicative participation, and physical speech disruption severity. RESULTS After controlling for demographic and speech-related variables, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support each significantly predicted communicative participation in adults who stutter. Large correlations were observed between communicative participation and measures of social roles, whereas medium correlations were observed between physical speech disruption severity and measures of social roles. CONCLUSIONS Communicative participation in adults who stutter is associated with a variety of demographic, speech-related, and psychosocial variables. Speech-language pathologists should be aware of predictors of communicative participation such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support, in addition to severity of physical speech disruptions. They should consider and evaluate these factors in clients who stutter and target them in treatment if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Boyle
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, NJ
| | - Carolina Beita-Ell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, NJ
| | - Kathryn M Milewski
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, NJ
| | - Alison N Fearon
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, NJ
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Tran Y, Blumgart E, Craig A. Mood state sub-types in adults who stutter: A prospective study. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 56:100-111. [PMID: 29089147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many adults who stutter have elevated negative mood states like anxiety and depressive mood. Little is known about how mood states change over time. The purpose of this study was to determine the trajectories or sub-types of mood states in adults who stutter over a 6 month period, and establish factors that contribute to these sub-types. METHOD Participants included 129 adults who stutter who completed an assessment regimen at baseline, including a measure of mood states (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised). Three mood states were assessed (interpersonal sensitivity or IS, depressive mood and anxiety) once a month over 6 months. Latent class growth mixture modeling was used to establish trajectories of change in these mood states over time. Logistic regression was then used to determine factors assessed at baseline that contribute to the IS trajectories. RESULTS Three-class trajectory models were accepted as the best fit for IS, depressive mood and anxiety mood sub-types. Stable and normal mood state sub-types were found, incorporating around 60% of participants. Up to 40% belonged to sub-types comprising elevated levels of negative mood states. The logistic regression was conducted only with the IS domain, and revealed four factors that significantly contributed to IS mood sub-types. Those with low perceived control, low vitality, elevated social fears and being female were more likely to belong to elevated IS classes. CONCLUSIONS This research revealed mood sub-types in adults who stutter, providing direction for the treatment of stuttering. Clarification of how much stuttering influences mood sub-types versus pre-existing mood is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Tran
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School-Northern, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, 2065 NSW, Australia; Key University Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Elaine Blumgart
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School-Northern, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, 2065 NSW, Australia
| | - Ashley Craig
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School-Northern, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, 2065 NSW, Australia.
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Carter A, Breen L, Yaruss JS, Beilby J. Self-efficacy and quality of life in adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2017; 54:14-23. [PMID: 29195624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-efficacy has emerged as a potential predictor of quality of life for adults who stutter. Research has focused primarily on the positive relationship self-efficacy has to treatment outcomes, but little is known about the relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life for adults who stutter. The purpose of this mixed- methods study is to determine the predictive value of self-efficacy and its relationship to quality of life for adults who stutter. METHOD The Self-Efficacy Scale for Adult Stutterers and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience with Stuttering were administered to 39 adults who stutter, aged 18- 77. Percentage of syllables stuttered was calculated from a conversational speech sample as a measure of stuttered speech frequency. Qualitative interviews with semi-structured probes were conducted with 10 adults and analyzed using thematic analysis to explore the lived experience of adults who stutter. RESULTS Self-efficacy emerged as a strong positive predictor of quality of life for adults living with a stuttered speech disorder. Stuttered speech frequency was a moderate negative predictor of self-efficacy. Major qualitative themes identified from the interviews with the participants were: encumbrance, self-concept, confidence, acceptance, life-long journey, treatment, and support. CONCLUSION Results provide clarity on the predictive value of self-efficacy and its relationship to quality of life and stuttered speech frequency. Findings highlight that the unique life experiences of adults who stutter require a multidimensional approach to the assessment and treatment of stuttered speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Carter
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren Breen
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Scott Yaruss
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Janet Beilby
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
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Blood GW, Blood IM. Long-term Consequences of Childhood Bullying in Adults who Stutter: Social Anxiety, Fear of Negative Evaluation, Self-esteem, and Satisfaction with Life. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2016; 50:72-84. [PMID: 27865231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychosocial disorders have been reported in adults who stutter, especially social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety has been linked to childhood victimization. It is possible that recalled childhood victimization could be linked to psychosocial problems reported in some adults who stutter. METHOD Participants were 36 adults who stutter and 36 adults who do not stutter (mean age=21.9 years). The Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire was completed for primary school, secondary school and university environments for physical, verbal, relational and cyber bullying. Participants were categorized into one of five groups (bully, victim, bully-victim, bystander and uninvolved) based ontheir responses. Participants completed four psychosocial scales: social interaction anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem and satisfaction with life scales. RESULTS The two groups differed with adults who stutter having higher social interaction anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and satisfaction with life. Analyses of variance revealed that victims had the highest scores among both groups on all four scales. CONCLUSION Adults who recalled being victimized during childhood were more likely, regardless of whether they stutter or did not stutter, to have poorer psychosocial scale scores. These results show the lingering effects of childhood victimization, common in some children who stutter, may contribute to the reported psychosocial problems in adulthood. The need for early intervention for children who are bullied and future research with larger samples is warranted.
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Arnold HS, Li J. Associations between beliefs about and reactions toward people who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2016; 47:27-37. [PMID: 26897496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to assess whether beliefs about people who stutter (PWS) predict intended behavioral and affective reactions toward them in a large and varied sample of respondents while taking into account familiarity with PWS and the demographic variables of age, education, and gender. METHODS Analyses were based on 2206 residents of the United States of America. The seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique was used to test the relationship between beliefs about PWS and behavioral and affective reactions toward PWS. Variables such as familiarity with PWS and demographic data were also controlled in the statistical model. RESULTS Findings indicated that, when demographic variables and familiarity were taken into account, the accuracy of participants' beliefs about PWS significantly predicted their intended behavioral and affective reactions toward PWS. The participants' gender and familiarity with PWS were also associated with these reactions toward PWS. CONCLUSION The finding of an association between beliefs and intended reactions validates attempts to improve public treatment of PWS through improving the accuracy of beliefs about PWS. Additionally, because familiarity with PWS is a significant predictor of helpful and positive reactions toward PWS, interventions involving PWS educating others through direct interpersonal interactions may be one effective way to improve public reactions toward individuals who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S Arnold
- Speech Pathology and Audiology, Kent State University, United States.
| | - Jian Li
- Evaluation and Measurement, Kent State University, United States
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