1
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Dong Y, Wei L, Wang S, Pan P, Chen H. Design and Performance Evaluation of Integrating the Waste Heat Recovery System (WHRS) for a Silicon Arc Furnace with Plasma Gasification for Medical Waste. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25040595. [PMID: 37190383 PMCID: PMC10137957 DOI: 10.3390/e25040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid scheme integrating the current waste heat recovery system (WHRS) for a silicon arc furnace with plasma gasification for medical waste is proposed. Combustible syngas converted from medical waste is used to drive the gas turbine for power generation, and waste heat is recovered from the raw syngas and exhaust gas from the gas turbine for auxiliary heating of steam and feed water in the WHRS. Meanwhile, the plasma gasifier can also achieve a harmless disposal of the hazardous fine silica particles generated in polysilicon production. The performance of the proposed design is investigated by energy, exergy, and economic analysis. The results indicate that after the integration, medical waste gave rise to 4.17 MW net power at an efficiency of up to 33.99%. Meanwhile, 4320 t of the silica powder can be disposed conveniently by the plasma gasifier every year, as well as 23,040 t of medical waste. The proposed design of upgrading the current WHRS to the hybrid system requires an initial investment of 18,843.65 K$ and has a short dynamic payback period of 3.94 years. Therefore, the hybrid scheme is feasible and promising for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal-Fired Power Generation and Pollution Control, China Energy Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emission Surveillance and Control for Thermal Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal-Fired Power Generation and Pollution Control, China Energy Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peiyuan Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emission Surveillance and Control for Thermal Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emission Surveillance and Control for Thermal Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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2
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Wang X, Wu K, Zhou C, Pan Z, Feng L, Cheng Q, Zhou H. Phenylenediamine‐phenyl phosphonic acid salts toward good flame retardancy and smoke suppression epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kunxiong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lu Feng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qingrong Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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3
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Singh DK, Tirkey JV. Valorisation of hazardous medical waste using steam injected plasma gasifier: a parametric study on the modelling and multi-objective optimisation by integrating Aspen plus with RSM. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:4291-4305. [PMID: 34152260 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1946599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 Pandemic has a detrimental effect on the environment related to the exponential rise in medical waste (MW). Extraction of energy from the toxic MW with the latest gasification technology instead of conventional incineration is of utmost importance to promote sustainable development. This present study investigates the processing of MW for the generation of enriched hydrogen syngas using steam injected plasma gasifier. Modelling of Plasma gasifier was performed in Aspen Plus and Model validation was done with the experimental result and, a good agreement was attained. Sensitivity analysis was implemented on MW in which the influence of gasification temperature, equivalence ratio (ER), and Steam/Biomass (S/B) on the producer gas (PG) composition, gas yield, H2/CO ratio, cold gas efficiency (CGE), and the higher heating value (HHV) was calculated. Furthermore, Response surface methodology (RSM) has been incorporated for the multi-objective optimisation of the variable gasification parameters. R2 values obtained from ANOVA for H2, CGE, and HHV are 98.62%, 99.10%, and 98.9% respectively. Using the response optimiser, the optimum values of H2, CGE, and HHV were found to be 0.43 (mole frac), 89.95%, and 7.49 MJ/Nm3 for temperature at 1560.60°C, equivalence ratio 0.1, and S/B 0.99, respectively. The observed coefficient of desirability was about 0.97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Jeewan V Tirkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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4
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Yue X, Li G, Chen X, Li Z, Gu H, Chen H, Peng W. Nano Catalysis of Biofuels and Biochemicals from Cotinus coggygria Scop. Wood for Bio-Oil Raw Material. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4610. [PMID: 36365604 PMCID: PMC9659074 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotinus coggygria Scop. as a precious landscape shrub and a good afforestation species that is used in the pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, TG-FTIR, TG-DTG, and Py-GC/MS were used to study the biomaterials of Cotinus coggygria used as biofuels and biochemicals under the catalysis of nano-Mo/Fe2O3. The wood powder was extracted using a methanol/benzene solution, and the extract was analyzed by FTIR and GC-MS. The results showed that the pyrolysis products of Cotinus coggygria wood were rich in phenols, alcohols, and biofuels. The metal nano-Mo powder played a catalytic role in the interpretation of the gas in the species, where it accelerates gas products. Metal nano-Fe2O3 has a certain flame-retardant effect on the burning process of Cotinus coggygria wood, and the residual amount of pyrolysis is greater. The contents of the extract Formamide, 1-Hexanol, Levodopa, and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- are not only widely used industrially but also play an important role in medicine. Cotinus coggygria is therefore an excellent biomaterial for biofuels and biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yue
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guanyan Li
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangmeng Chen
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaolin Li
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huiling Chen
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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5
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Li T, Song F, Wu F, Huang X, Bai Y. Heterogeneous Dynamic Behavior and Synergetic Evolution Mechanism of Internal Components and Released Gases during the Pyrolysis of Aquatic Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13595-13606. [PMID: 36102145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of gaseous contaminants from biomass pyrolysis has drawn increasing attention. However, the thermal degradation, dynamics, and synergetic evolution mechanisms during real-time biomass pyrolysis remain unclear. Herein, a novel method using thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GC/MS) combined with thermal kinetics and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was proposed to explore the chemical properties and temperature response mechanisms of gaseous species released during Phragmites communis (PC) and Typha angustifolia (TA) pyrolysis. The thermal degradation mechanisms of PC/TA pyrolysis were mainly associated with the sigmoidal rate and random nucleation mechanisms. The formation intensities of alcohols/ethers, phenols/esters, acids, aldehydes, and ketones were higher during low-temperature TA pyrolysis and high-temperature PC pyrolysis. The average carbon oxidation state (OS¯C) of gaseous species mainly ranged from -1.5 to -0.5, and the OS¯C slope of most gaseous species was greater than -2.0, which was related to the reduction of aldehyde/ketone groups. Two-dimensional (2D)-TG-FTIR-COS analysis revealed that the sequential temperature response of gaseous species followed: acids → phenols, esters → aldehydes → hydrocarbons → alcohols, ethers → aromatics during PC/TA pyrolysis. The establishment of relationships between the sequential response of gases and degraded components provides an important basis for online monitoring/recovery of gaseous contaminants during biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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6
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Song F, Li T, Wu F, Leung KMY, Bai Y, Zhao X. Dynamic Evolution and Covariant Response Mechanism of Volatile Organic Compounds and Residual Functional Groups during the Online Pyrolysis of Coal and Biomass Fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5409-5420. [PMID: 35394270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from pyrolysis of widely used biomass are expected to increase significantly under the carbon neutrality target. However, the dynamic emissions and evolution mechanism of biomass-VOCs remain unclear, hindered by complex reactions and offline measurements. Here, we propose a novel covariant evolution mechanism to interpret the emission heterogeneities, sequential temperature responses, and evolved correlations of both VOCs and residual functional groups (RFGs) during corn straw (CS), wood pellet (WP), and semibituminous coal (SBC) pyrolysis. An innovative combination of online thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and two dimensional-correlation spectroscopy was applied. The relative percentages of CS/WP-VOCs were higher than those of SBC-VOCs, and most VOCs tended to have relatively small carbon skeletons as the average carbon oxidation state increased. With the temperature increased from low to high during CS/WP pyrolysis, the primary sequential response of VOCs (acids → phenols/esters → alcohols/ethers/aldehydes/ketones → hydrocarbons/aromatics) corresponded to the RFG response (hydroxyl groups → -CH3/-CH2-/-CH groups → aliphatic ethers and conjugated ketones). Compared with the relative regularity for CS/WP responses, the gas-solid products from SBC pyrolysis exhibited complex temperature-dependent responses and high oxidation-induced variability. These insights provide favorable strategies for the online monitoring system to facilitate priority removal of coal and biomass fuels-VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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7
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Wang X, Zhou C, Dai S, Wang J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Function of chitosan in a
DOPO
‐based flame retardant modified epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shengsong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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8
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Zhao X, Klemeš JJ. Energy and environmental sustainability of waste personal protective equipment (PPE) treatment under COVID-19. RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2022; 153:111786. [PMID: 34690528 PMCID: PMC8521346 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Combating the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the demand for and disposal of personal protective equipment in the United States. This work proposes a novel waste personal protective equipment processing system that enables energy recovery through producing renewable fuels and other basic chemicals. Exergy analysis and environmental assessment through a detailed life cycle assessment approach are performed to evaluate the energy and environmental sustainability of the processing system. Given the environmental advantages in reducing 35.42% of total greenhouse gas emissions from the conventional incineration and 43.50% of total fossil fuel use from landfilling processes, the optimal number, sizes, and locations of establishing facilities within the proposed personal protective equipment processing system in New York State are then determined by an optimization-based site selection methodology, proposing to build two pre-processing facilities in New York County and Suffolk County and one integrated fast pyrolysis plant in Rockland County. Their optimal annual treatment capacities are 1,708 t/y, 8,000 t/y, and 9,028 t/y. The proposed optimal personal protective equipment processing system reduces 31.5% of total fossil fuel use and 35.04% of total greenhouse gas emissions compared to the personal protective equipment incineration process. It also avoids 41.52% and 47.64% of total natural land occupation from the personal protective equipment landfilling and incineration processes.
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Key Words
- CAPEX, Capital expenditure
- Fossil fuel reduction
- GAO US, Government Accountability Office
- GHG emissions
- GHG, Greenhouse gas
- GWP, Global warming potential
- HEPA, High-Efficiency Particulate Arrestance
- HEX, Heat exchangers
- HP, High-pressure steam
- LCA, Life cycle assessment
- LCI, Life cycle inventory
- LP, Low-pressure steam
- Life cycle assessment
- MEA, Monoethanolamine
- MILP, Mixed-integer linear programming
- MINLP, Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
- MP, Mid-pressure steam
- MSDS, Material Safety Data Sheet
- NMVOC, Non-methane volatile organic compound
- NPV, Net present value
- NYS, New York State
- O&M, Operation and maintenance cost
- OPEX, Operating expenditure
- PPE processing system
- PPE, Personal protective equipment
- PSA, Pressure-swing adsorption
- Process design
- SD, Solid waste disposal fee MUSD
- TEA, Techno-economic analysis
- Techno-economic analysis
- fec, Feedstock cost MUSD
- inc, revenue from downstream products MUSD
- obj, Annualized cost MUSD
- omc, Operation and maintenance cost MUSD
- stor, The total storage cost MUSD
- tci, Total capital cost MUSD
- tran, Total transportation cost MUSD
- uc, Total utility cost MUSD
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Systems Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Erdogan AA, Yilmazoglu MZ. Plasma gasification of the medical waste. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 2021; 46:29108-29125. [PMID: 33840883 PMCID: PMC8021435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In terms of infection control in hospitals, especially the Covid-19 pandemic that we are living in, it has revealed the necessity of proper disposal of medical waste. The increasing amount of medical waste with the pandemic is straining the capacity of incineration facilities or storage areas. Converting this waste to energy with gasification technologies instead of incineration is also important for sustainability. This study investigates the gasification characteristics of the medical waste in a novel updraft plasma gasifier with numerical simulations in the presence of the plasma reactions. Three different medical waste samples, chosen according to the carbon content and five different equivalence ratios (ER) ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 are considered in the simulations to compare the effects of different chemical compositions and waste feeding rates on hydrogen (H2) content and syngas production. The outlet properties of a 10 kW microwave air plasma generator are used to define the plasma inlet in the numerical model and the air flow rate is held constant for all cases. Results showed that the maximum H2 production can be obtained with ER = 0.1 for all waste samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altug Alp Erdogan
- Anadolu Plasma Technology Center, Gazi University, Golbasi Campus, Teknoplaza, Block C, 23, Ankara, 06830, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Zeki Yilmazoglu
- Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Su G, Ong HC, Ibrahim S, Fattah IMR, Mofijur M, Chong CT. Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116934. [PMID: 33744627 PMCID: PMC9756756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and economy. Simultaneously, an intractable issue appeared: a considerable number of hazardous medical wastes have been generated from the hospitals, clinics, and other health care facilities, constituting a serious threat to public health and environmental sustainability without proper management. Traditional disposal methods like incineration, landfill and autoclaving are unable to reduce environmental burden due to the issues such as toxic gas release, large land occupation, and unsustainability. While the application of clean and safe pyrolysis technology on the medical wastes treatment to produce high-grade bioproducts has the potential to alleviate the situation. Besides, medical wastes are excellent and ideal raw materials, which possess high hydrogen, carbon content and heating value. Consequently, pyrolysis of medical wastes can deal with wastes and generate valuable products like bio-oil and biochar. Consequently, this paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the pyrolysis of medical wastes. It demonstrates the feasibility of pyrolysis, which mainly includes pyrolysis characteristics, product properties, related problems, the prospects and future challenges of pyrolysis of medical wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Shaliza Ibrahim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I M Rizwanul Fattah
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - M Mofijur
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahad University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cheng Tung Chong
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Lingang, Shanghai, 201306, China
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11
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Yousef S, Eimontas J, Striūgas N, Abdelnaby MA. Pyrolysis kinetic behaviour and TG-FTIR-GC-MS analysis of Coronavirus Face Masks. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS 2021; 156:105118. [PMID: 33875899 PMCID: PMC8045431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the times of Covid-19, face masks are considered to be the main source of protection against the virus that reduces its spread. These masks are classified as single-use medical products with a very short service life, estimated at few days, hence millions of contaminated masks are generated daily in the form of hazardous materials, what requires to develop a safe method to dispose of them, especially since some of them are loaded with viruses. 3-ply face masks (3PFM) represent the major fraction of this waste and are composed mainly from polypropylene and melt blown filter with high content of volatile substances (96.6 wt.%), what makes pyrolysis treatment an emerging technology that could be used to dispose of face masks and convert them into energy products. In this context, this work aims to study pyrolysis kinetic behaviour and TG-FTIR-GC-MS analysis of 3PFM. The research started with analysis of 3PFM using elemental analysis, proximate analysis, and compositional analyses. Afterwards, TG-FTIR system was used to study the thermal and chemical decomposition of 3PFM analyzed at different heating rates: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C/min. The GC/MS system was used to observe the synthesized volatile products at the maximum decomposition temperatures. After that, isoconversional methods, the advanced nonlinear integral isoconversional method, and the iterative linear integral isoconversional method were used to determine the activation energies of mask pyrolysis, while the distributed activation energy model and the independent parallel reactions kinetic model were used to fit TGA and DTG curves with deviations below <1. The TGA-DTG results showed that 3PFM can decompose in three different periods with a total weight loss of 95 % and maximum decomposition in the range 405-510 °C, while the FTIR spectra and GC-MS analysis exhibited that - C-H (aromatic and aliphatic) and 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene (28-43 % based on heating rate) represented the major compounds in the released volatile components. Finally, Vyazovkin and the iterative linear integral isoconversional methods gave activation energies almost similar to that obtained by the KAS isoconversional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Yousef
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51424, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Materials Science, South Ural State University, Lenin Prospect 76, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Justas Eimontas
- Lithuanian Energy Institute, Laboratory of Combustion Processes, Breslaujos 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Striūgas
- Lithuanian Energy Institute, Laboratory of Combustion Processes, Breslaujos 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mohammed Ali Abdelnaby
- Department of Production Engineering and Printing Technology, Akhbar Elyom Academy 6th of October, Egypt
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12
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Thind PS, Sareen A, Singh DD, Singh S, John S. Compromising situation of India's bio-medical waste incineration units during pandemic outbreak of COVID-19: Associated environmental-health impacts and mitigation measures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116621. [PMID: 33592442 PMCID: PMC7869633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 induced pandemic situations have put the bio-medical waste (BMW) management system, of the world, to test. Sudden influx, of COVID-infected patients, in health-care facilities, has increased the generation of yellow category BMW (Y-BMW) and put substantial burden on the BMW-incineration units of India. This study presents the compromising situation of the BMW-incineration units of India, in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic, from 21st March 2020 to 31st August 2020. This analysis revealed that on an average each COVID-infected patient in India generates approximately 3.41 kg/d of BMW and average proportion of Y-BMW in it is 50.44%. Further, it was observed that on 13th July 2020, the total Y-BMW, generated by both the normal and COVID-infected patients, fully utilized the BMW-incineration capacity of India. Also, it was made evident that, during the study period, BMW-incineration emitted several pollutants and their concentration was in the order: NOx > CO > SOx > PM > HCl > Cd > Pb > Hg > PCBs > Ni > Cr > Be > As. Subsequently, life time cancer risk assessment depicted that with hazard quotient >10-6, Cd may induce carcinogenic health impacts on both the adults and children of India. Therefore, to mitigate the environmental-health impacts associated with the incineration of BMW, evaluation of various options, viz., alternative technologies, substitution of raw materials and separate treatment of specific wastes, was also done. It is expected that the findings of this study may encourage the global auditory comprising scientific community and authorities to adopt alternate BMW-management strategies during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Singh Thind
- Department of Civil Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Arjun Sareen
- Assistant Project Officer, State Project Management Unit, Punjab Pollution Control Board, Patiala, 147001, India
| | - Dapinder Deep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shaheed Bhagat Singh State Technical Campus, Ferozepur, 152004, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, India
| | - Siby John
- Department of Civil Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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13
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Ding Z, Chen H, Liu J, Cai H, Evrendilek F, Buyukada M. Pyrolysis dynamics of two medical plastic wastes: Drivers, behaviors, evolved gases, reaction mechanisms, and pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123472. [PMID: 32731115 PMCID: PMC7362864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The public has started to increasingly scrutinize the proper disposal and treatment of rapidly growing medical wastes, in particular, given the COVID-19 pandemic, raised awareness, and the advances in the health sector. This research aimed to characterize pyrolysis drivers, behaviors, products, reaction mechanisms, and pathways via TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS analyses as a function of the two medical plastic wastes of syringes (SY) and medical bottles (MB), conversion degree, degradation stage, and the four heating rates (5,10, 20, and 40 °C/min). SY and MB pyrolysis ranged from 394.4 to 501 and from 417.9 to 517 °C, respectively. The average activation energy was 246.5 and 268.51 kJ/mol for the SY and MB devolatilization, respectively. MB appeared to exhibit a better pyrolysis performance with a higher degradation rate and less residues. The most suitable reaction mechanisms belonged to a geometrical contraction model (R2) for the SY pyrolysis and to a nucleation growth model (A1.2) for the MB pyrolysis. The main evolved gases were C4-C24 alkenes and dienes for SY and C6-C41 alkanes and C8-C41 alkenes for MB. The pyrolysis dynamics and reaction pathways of the medical plastic wastes have important implications for waste stream reduction, pollution control, and reactor optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huashan Chen
- Guoke (Foshan) Testing and Certification Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jingyong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haiming Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fatih Evrendilek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14052, Turkey
| | - Musa Buyukada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14052, Turkey
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Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. Unlocking the surge in demand for personal and protective equipment (PPE) and improvised face coverings arising from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic - Implications for efficacy, re-use and sustainable waste management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142259. [PMID: 33207488 PMCID: PMC7481258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective vaccine for tackling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 with the occurrence of repeat waves of infection frequently stretching hospital resources beyond capacity. Disease countermeasures rely upon preventing person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV2 so as to protect front-line healthcare workers (HCWs). COVID-19 brings enormous challenges in terms of sustaining the supply chain for single-use-plastic personal and protective equipment (PPE). Post-COVID-19, the changes in medical practice will drive high demand for PPE. Important countermeasures for preventing COVID-19 transmission include mitigating potential high risk aerosol transmission in healthcare setting using medical PPE (such as filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs)) and the appropriate use of face coverings by the general public that carries a lower transmission risk. PPE reuse is a potential short term solution during COVID-19 pandemic where there is increased evidence for effective deployment of reprocessing methods such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide (30 to 35% VH2O2) used alone or combined with ozone, ultraviolet light at 254 nm (2000 mJ/cm2) and moist heat (60 °C at high humidity for 60 min). Barriers to PPE reuse include potentially trust and acceptance by HCWs. Efficacy of face coverings are influenced by the appropriate wearing to cover the nose and mouth, type of material used, number of layers, duration of wearing, and potentially superior use of ties over ear loops. Insertion of a nose clip into cloth coverings may help with maintaining fit. Use of 60 °C for 60 min (such as, use of domestic washing machine and spin dryer) has been advocated for face covering decontamination. Risk of virus infiltration in improvised face coverings is potentially increased by duration of wearing due to humidity, liquid diffusion and virus retention. Future sustained use of PPE will be influenced by the availability of recyclable PPE and by innovative biomedical waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Department of Nursing and Healthcare, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Lough Boora, Co. Offaly, Ireland.
| | - John G Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
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15
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Abstract
The harmless treatments of medical waste have significantly drawn people’s attention owing to their risks to health-care staff, the public, and the environment. The traditional thermal technology for processing medical waste may cause indispensable secondary pollution such as dioxin, furan, and heavy metals, and infectious materials that may remain in the solid residual. Thermal plasma technologies offer advantages of effectively treating medical waste due to its high temperature and energy density, lower pollutant emissions, rapid start-up and shut-down, and smaller size of the installation. These benefits play roles in the treatment of medical waste on-site or off-site, especially when somewhere encounters an abnormally sharp increase in medical waste. This paper mainly introduces the typical thermal plasma processes of medical waste and its central component, plasma furnace. Meanwhile, how process parameters influence the formed gaseous and solid products, the performances of mass and volume reduction, pathogen destruction, and energy recovery, are discussed in detail. Finally, the mechanism of the thermal plasma process is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Changming Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 317000 Zhejiang China
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16
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Wang Y, Luo SH, Yan S, Li P, Liu X, Mu W, Teng F, Wang Y, Lei X. Carbothermal reduction of LiFePO4/C composite cathodes using acid-washed iron red as raw material through carboxylic acid pyrolysis reducing gas participation strategies. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Wang J, Shen J, Ye D, Yan X, Zhang Y, Yang W, Li X, Wang J, Zhang L, Pan L. Disinfection technology of hospital wastes and wastewater: Suggestions for disinfection strategy during coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114665. [PMID: 32443202 PMCID: PMC7194566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals are important sources of pollutants resulted from diagnostic, laboratory and research activities as well as medicine excretion by patients, which include active component of drugs and metabolite, chemicals, residues of pharmaceuticals, radioactive markers, iodinated contrast media, etc. The discharge of hospital wastes and wastewater, especially those without appropriate treatment would expose the public in danger of infection. In particular, under the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic context in China, it is of great significance to reduce the health risks to the public and environment. In this study, technologies of different types of hospital wastes and wastewater disinfection have been summarized. Liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet irradiation disinfection are commonly used for hospital wastewater disinfection. While incineration, chemical disinfection, and physical disinfection are commonly used for hospital wastes disinfection. In addition, considering the characteristics of various hospital wastes, the classification and selection of corresponding disinfection technologies are discussed. On this basis, this study provides scientific suggestions for management, technology selection, and operation of hospital wastes and wastewater disinfection in China, which is of great significance for development of national disinfection strategy for hospital wastes and wastewater during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jin Shen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Dan Ye
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xu Yan
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xinwu Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Liubo Zhang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
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18
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Wang W, Yuan Y, Yu B, Liew KM, Yuen RKK, Liu J, Hu Y. Controlled self-template synthesis of manganese-based cuprous oxide nanoplates towards improved fire safety properties of epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:122006. [PMID: 31911386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date epoxy resins have been extensively used in the field of chemical engineering, aerospace and building materials. Nevertheless, the utilization of flammable epoxy resins has posed a huge threat to lives and properties, which restricted their applications. In this work, manganese-based cuprous oxides two-dimensional nanosheets (Mn@Cu2O-M) are rationally designed and successfully prepared to improve the toxic effluent elimination of epoxy resin. The fire safety properties of the prepared Mn@Cu2O-M based nanocomposites improved the heat release rate (<35 %) and total heat release (<40 %) compared to the control epoxy. Moreover, the production of smoke and toxic volatiles of the composites with Mn@Cu2O-M nanosheets is significantly reduced. The mechanism investigations indicate that the improved flame retardancy and toxic effluent elimination of epoxy composites are attributed to the physical barrier effect and catalytic carbonization awarded by Mn@Cu2O-M nanosheets during burning. This work provides a promising strategy to develop eco-friendly, efficient and fire-safe polymers by both physical barrier effect and catalytic carbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4300, Australia
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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19
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Treatment of medical solid waste using an Air Flow controlled incinerator. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, air flow controlled incinerator (AFCI) was used to treat medical solid waste in Vietnam. The experiment was conducted with solid waste samples that was weighed approximately 2.1–3.3 kg/h and had moisture content of 2.8–11.7%. The results showed that an increase in the airflow rate during the drying process accelerated the combustion time by 10–20%, and the optimal airflow rate was 1.1 m/s. The combustion time varied from 0–45 min. The highest temperatures recorded in the drying chamber, carbonisation chamber and combustion chamber after 25–35 min of operation were varied from 195°C, 775°C and 1275°C, respectively. The temperature of the stack was from 33–68°C after the treatment by the wet scrubber using 20% NaOH solution. The combustion capacity was 77.3–87.5%. The experimental results revealed the AFCI process advantages including low operation cost and suitability for treating hazardous waste on a small scale.
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20
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Thermal Degradation Kinetics and FT-IR Analysis on the Pyrolysis of Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus leiophylla and Pinus montezumae as Forest Waste in Western Mexico. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a study has been carried out on the pyrolysis of wood residues from Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus leiophylla and Pinus montezumae, from an area in Western México using TGA analysis to determine the main kinetic parameters (Ea and Z) at different heating rates in a N2 atmosphere. The samples were heated from 25 °C to 800 °C with six different heating rates 5–30 °C min−1. The Ea, was calculated using different widely known mathematical models such as Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose. The Ea value of 126.58, 123.22 and 112.72 kJ/mol (P. pseudostrobus), 146.15, 143.24 and 132.76 kJ/mol (P. leiophylla) and 148.12, 151.8 and 141.25 kJ/mol (P. montezumae) respectively, was found for each method. A variation in Ea with respect to conversion was observed with the three models used, revealing that pyrolysis of pines progresses through more complex, multi-stage kinetics. FT-IR spectroscopy was conducted to determine the functional groups present in the three species of conifers. This research will allow future decisions to be made, and possibly, to carry out this process in a biomass reactor and therefore the production of H2 for the generation of energy through a fuel cell.
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21
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Wang H, Zhou C, Zhu H, Li Y, Wang S, Shen K. Hierarchical porous carbons from carboxylated coal-tar pitch functional poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel networks for supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1095-1103. [PMID: 35494458 PMCID: PMC9047456 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09141f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A gel carbonization strategy for the synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) from carboxylated coal-tar pitches (CCP) functional poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel networks for advanced supercapacitor electrodes was reported. The amphiphilic CCP and PAA polymer could be easily self-assembled to gel by the major driving force of hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking. The HPCs containing interconnected macro-/meso-/micropores were fabricated by direct carbonization of the dried hydrogels. The resultant HPCs with a high specific surface area and total pore volume of 1294.6 m2 g−1 and 1.34 cm3 g−1 respectively, as a supercapacitor electrode exhibit a high specific capacitance of 292 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 in two-electrode system. The electrode also exhibits ultra-long cycle life with a capacitance retention as high as 94.2% after 10 000 cycles, indicating the good electrochemical stability. Furthermore, the concept of such hierarchical architecture and synthesis strategy would expand to other materials for advanced energy storage systems, such as Na-ion batteries and metal oxides for supercapacitors. As a supercapacitor electrode exhibit a high specific capacitance of 292 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China +86-411-84986102.,Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China +86-411-84986102
| | - Hongzhe Zhu
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 China
| | - Shoukai Wang
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 China
| | - Kaihua Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China +86-411-84986102
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22
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Ma D, Feng Q, Chen B, Cheng X, Chen K, Li J. Insight into chlorine evolution during hydrothermal carbonization of medical waste model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120847. [PMID: 31326836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the chlorine behavior during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of medical waste, polyvinyl chloride and medical waste model (MW) were respectively treated by HTC at temperature ranging from 220 °C to 300 °C for 30 min. HTC products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, etc. It is found that HTC can efficiently remove chlorine from both polyvinyl chloride and MW. The most dramatical dechlorination can be induced by HTC at around 240 °C. With HTC temperature increased, organic chlorine in HT-MW and solid product from polyvinyl chloride HTC (HT-PVC) is decreased. Interestingly, with 240 °C HTC, the organic chlorine of HT-MW was 15.30%, much lower than that of HT-PVC of 86.84%, indicating the cellulosic materials in MW can significantly boost the conversion of organic chlorine into inorganic form in HTC at 240 °C. While spherical particles assigned to HTC of cellulosic materials aggregate at the pores of polyvinyl chloride particle, trapping the release of chlorine into the liquid, consequently to lower dechlorination efficiency compared to that of polyvinyl chloride. Since the chlorine retain in the solid product was mainly in form of inorganic, further dechlorination is potential for MW by combining HTC with leaching/extracting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachao Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Qingge Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
| | - Boqing Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xi Cheng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Kao Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, PR China
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23
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Study on Pyrolysis Characteristics of Coal and Combustion Gas Release in Inert Environment. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/1032529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to heat the coal samples of six different coalification degrees from room temperature to 1000°C at 20°C·min−1 under nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of coal degree and pyrolysis temperature on the content of pyrolysis products of coal was analyzed by the TG/DTG curve. FTIR spectroscopy was used to obtain the IR spectra of generated gases and study their variation at different temperatures in the process of coal heating without oxygen, and the gas release during pyrolysis was discussed. The results showed that the pyrolysis reaction initiated at 400°C and ended at 800°C. The maximum mass loss occurred in the temperature range of 480 to 500°C. The values of maximum and minimum weight loss rates were 32.72 and 18.89%, respectively. The mass loss during the pyrolysis process corresponded well with the volatile matter contained in the sample. Permanent gas analysis and IR spectrum analysis indicated that when the temperature was 600°C, the peak value of methane (CH4) appeared at 3016 wave, indicating the generation of CH4 at this time. When the temperature reached 700°C, the peak area of 2360 wave increased, all coal samples began to release carbon dioxide (CO2), release rate of CH4 gas decreased, and yield of CO2 was maximized. At 800°C, all peaks of 3160 wave disappeared, indicating that there was no unreacted short-chain release at this temperature. At the same time, the pyrolysis reaction tended to remove the excess hydrogen-oxygen conjugates in the carbon structure and release them in the form of water vapor.
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Wang H, Zhu H, Wang S, Qi D, Shen K. Dicarbonyl-tuned microstructures of hierarchical porous carbons derived from coal-tar pitch for supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:20019-20028. [PMID: 35514691 PMCID: PMC9065547 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and effective template-free method to prepare hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) has been developed by using low-cost coal-tar pitch as a starting material, anhydrous aluminum chloride as the Friedel–Crafts catalyst, and oxalyl chloride as the cross-linking agent. By a simple controllable Friedel–Crafts reaction, diketone-functionalized coal-tar pitch as the hierarchical porous coal-tar pitch precursor was obtained via a one-step carbonization to provide a well-developed micro–mesoporous network. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements showed that the surface area, pore volume, pore size and pore size distributions of the resulting carbon materials was dependent on the usage of the cross-linking agent. The as-fabricated HPCs have a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of 1394.6 m2 g−1 and exhibit an excellent electrochemical performance with the highest specific capacitance of 317 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in a three-electrode system. A symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated from HPC-DK-1.0 in a two-electrode system, which exhibits a high specific capacitance of 276 F g−1 at a current density of 0.25 A g−1, a high rate capability and an excellent cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 92.9% after 10 000 cycles. The one-step carbonization method that produced HPCs for electrical double-layer capacitors represents a new approach for high-performance energy storage. The hierarchical porous carbons have an excellent cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 92.9% after 10 000 cycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 PR China +86-411-84986102.,Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 PR China
| | - Hongzhe Zhu
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 PR China
| | - Shoukai Wang
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited Anshan 114044 PR China
| | - Debang Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 PR China +86-411-84986102
| | - Kaihua Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 PR China +86-411-84986102
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Li K, Chen W, Yang H, Chen Y, Xia S, Xia M, Tu X, Chen H. Mechanism of biomass activation and ammonia modification for nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 280:260-268. [PMID: 30776652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chemical activation and NH3 modification on activated carbons (ACs) was explored via two contrasting bamboo pyrolysis strategies involving either two steps (activation followed by nitrogen doping in NH3 atmosphere) or one step (activation in NH3 atmosphere) with several chemical activating reagents (KOH, K2CO3, and KOH + K2CO3). The ACs produced by the two-step method showed relatively smaller specific surface areas (∼90% micropores) and lower nitrogen contents. From the one-step method, the ACs had larger pore diameters with about 90% small mesopores (2-3.5 nm). Due to a promotion effect with the KOH + K2CO3 combination, the AC attained the greatest surface area (2417 m2 g-1) and highest nitrogen content (3.89 wt%), endowing the highest capacitance (175 F g-1). The balance between surface area and nitrogen content recommends KOH + K2CO3 activation via the one-step method as the best choice for achieving both greener production process and better pore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Yingquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Sunwen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Mingwei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GJ Liverpool, UK.
| | - Hanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Power and Energy Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
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Wang H, Zhu H, Li Y, Qi D, Wang S, Shen K. Hierarchical porous carbon derived from carboxylated coal-tar pitch for electrical double-layer capacitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29131-29140. [PMID: 35528400 PMCID: PMC9071820 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical porous carbons have been synthesized using amphiphilic carboxylated coal-tar pitch as a precursor via a simple KOH activation process. Amphiphilic carboxylated coal-tar pitch has a high content of hydrophilic carboxyl groups that enable it to be easily wetted in KOH solution and that facilitate the activation process. In the present study, the effect of the activation agent to precursor ratio on the porosity and the specific surface area was studied by nitrogen adsorption–desorption. A maximum specific surface area of 2669.1 m2 g−1 was achieved with a KOH to carboxylated pitch ratio of three and this produced a structure with micropores/mesopores. Among the various hierarchical porous carbons, the sample prepared with an activation agent to precursor ratio of two exhibited the best electrochemical performance as an electrode for an electrical double-layer capacitor in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. The specific capacitance of the sample was 286 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 and it had a capacitance-retention ratio of 93.9%, even after 10 000 cycles. Thus, hierarchical porous carbons derived from amphiphilic-carboxylated coal-tar pitch represent a promising electrode material for electrical double-layer capacitors. The specific capacitance of the HPC-2 electrode retention of 93.9% was obtained after 10 000 cycles, indicating good electrochemical stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- PR China
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited
| | - Hongzhe Zhu
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited
- Anshan
- PR China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited
- Anshan
- PR China
| | - Debang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- PR China
| | - Shoukai Wang
- Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Company Limited
- Anshan
- PR China
| | - Kaihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- PR China
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27
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Tian X, Huang S, Wang J, Yang P, Yang K. Synthesis and Properties of Polyphosphoester and Diphenyl Phosphoroxy Derivative for Flame Retardant Poly(ethylene terephthalate). J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2018. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.31.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology
| | - Shan Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jinjin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology
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28
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Wen Y, Cheng Z, Li W, Li Z, Liao D, Hu X, Pan N, Wang D, Hull TR. A novel oligomer containing DOPO and ferrocene groups: Synthesis, characterization, and its application in fire retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Zhang Z, Wang C, Huang G, Liu H, Yang S, Zhang A. Thermal degradation behaviors and reaction mechanism of carbon fibre-epoxy composite from hydrogen tank by TG-FTIR. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 357:73-80. [PMID: 29864690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermal degradation behaviors and reaction mechanism of Carbon fibre-epoxy composite, obtained from Chinese widely applied hydrogen storage tank, were studied by thermogravimetry combined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry at varying heating rates. The pyrolysis of carbon fibre-epoxy composite mainly occurs at 550-750 K. The average value of final residue is 72.42%. The calculated activation energies increase exponentially from 206.27 KJ/mol to 412.98 KJ/mol with the average value of 276.6 KJ/mol. The fourth reaction order model is responsible for the pyrolysis of carbon fibre-epoxy composite. The absorption spectra of the evolved gases provided the information that the main evolved products are H2O, CO2, CO (acid anhydride, ketone or aldehyde), ε- caprolactam, alcohols and phenol. Moreover, CO group > alcohols > phenol > ε- caprolactam > CO2 > H2O. Epoxy is the main pyrolysis crude material in carbon fibre-epoxy composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Changjian Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
| | - Gai Huang
- Institute of Process Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Shenlin Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
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30
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Zhu L, Zhong Z, Xue J, Xu Y, Wang C, Wang L. NH 3-SCR performance and the resistance to SO 2 for Nb doped vanadium based catalyst at low temperatures. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 65:306-316. [PMID: 29548402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Niobium oxide as the promoter was doped in the V/WTi catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO. The results showed that the addition of Nb2O5 could improve the SCR activity at low temperatures and the 6wt.% additive was an appropriate dosage. The enhanced reaction activity of adsorbed ammonia species and the improved dispersion of vanadium oxide might be the reasons for the elevation of SCR activity at low temperatures. The resistances to SO2 of 3V6Nb/WTi catalyst at different temperatures were investigated. FTIR spectrum and TG-FTIR result indicated that the deposition of ammonium sulfate species was the main deactivation reason at low temperatures, which still exhibited the reactivity with NO above 200°C on the catalyst surface. There was a synergistic effect among NH3, H2O and SO2 that NH3 and H2O both accelerated the catalyst deactivation in the presence of SO2 at 175°C. The thermal treatment at 400°C could regenerate the deactivated catalyst and get SCR activity recovered. The particle and monolith catalysts both kept stable NOx conversion at 225°C with high concentration of H2O and SO2 during the long time tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhaoping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jianming Xue
- Guodian Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Yueyang Xu
- Guodian Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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31
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Liao DJ, Xu QK, McCabe RW, Babu HV, Hu XP, Pan N, Wang DY, Hull TR. Ferrocene-Based Nonphosphorus Copolymer: Synthesis, High-Charring Mechanism, and Its Application in Fire Retardant Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dui-Jun Liao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Kui Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China
| | - Richard W. McCabe
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | | | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Ning Pan
- Fundamental
Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials
Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
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32
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Abstract
A series of flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs) containing either phenethyl-bridged 9 or 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (bisDOPO) were prepared. The flame-retardant properties of bisDOPO on EP composites were characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 vertical burning, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT).The LOI of the EP/bisDOPO composites increased from 21.8% to 38.0%, and the hybrids with the 10 wt% bisDOPO obtained a V-0 rating in the UL94 vertical burning test. The char residue following the CCT showed intumescent structures with continuous and compact surfaces that can effectively suppress the spread of the flame and extinguish the fire. This was confirmed through both visual observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The flame-retardant mechanism was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry, SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Overall, bisDOPO was an effective flame retardant with potential applications within EP.
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33
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Chihobo CH, Chowdhury A, Kuipa PK, Simbi DJ. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of acid tar waste from crude benzol refining: A thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2016; 34:1258-1267. [PMID: 27729402 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16669999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is an attractive thermochemical conversion technology that may be utilised as a safe disposal option for acid tar waste. The kinetics of acid tar pyrolysis were investigated using thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry under a nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates of 10, 15 and 20 K min-1 The thermogravimetric analysis shows three major reaction peaks centred around 178 °C, 258 °C, and 336 °C corresponding to the successive degradation of water soluble lower molecular mass sulphonic acids, sulphonated high molecular mass hydrocarbons, and high molecular mass hydrocarbons. The kinetic parameters were evaluated using the iso-conversional Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. A variation in the activation energy with conversion revealed that the pyrolysis of the acid tar waste progresses through complex multi-step kinetics. Mass spectrometry results revealed a predominance of gases such as hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide, implying that the pyrolysis of acid tar waste is potentially an energy source. Thus the pyrolysis of acid tar waste may present a viable option for its environmental treatment. There are however, some limitations imposed by the co-evolution of corrosive gaseous components for which appropriate considerations must be provided in both pyrolysis reactor design and selection of construction materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chido H Chihobo
- Department of Fuels and Energy, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Arindrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | - Pardon K Kuipa
- Department of Fuels and Energy, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - David J Simbi
- Department of Fuels and Energy, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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34
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Kappes RS, Urbainczyk T, Artz U, Textor T, Gutmann JS. Flame retardants based on amino silanes and phenylphosphonic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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36
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Feng Y, Jiang X, Chen D. The emission of fluorine gas during incineration of fluoroborate residue. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 308:91-96. [PMID: 26808247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The emission behaviors of wastes from fluorine chemical industry during incineration have raised concerns because multiple fluorine products might danger human health. In this study, fluorine emission from a two-stage incineration system during the combustion of fluoroborate residue was examined. In a TG-FTIR analysis BF3, SiF4 and HF were identified as the initial fluorine forms to be released, while fluorine gases of greenhouse effect such as CF4 and SF6 were not found. Below 700 °C, NaBF4 in the sample decomposed to generate BF3. Then part of BF3 reacted with SiO2 in the system to form SiF4 or hydrolyzed to HF. At higher temperatures, the NaF left in the sample was gradually hydrolyzed to form HF. A lab-scale two-stage tube furnace is established to simulate the typical two-stage combustion chamber in China. Experimental tests proved that HF was the only fluorine gas in the flue gas, and emissions of BF3 and SiF4 can be negligible. Thermodynamic equilibrium model predicted that all SiF4 would be hydrolyzed at 1100 °C in the secondary-chamber, which agreed well with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Feng
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Dezhen Chen
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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37
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Pore size distribution control of pitch-based activated carbon for improvement of electrochemical property. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Zhou K, Gui Z, Hu Y. Ultrathin 2D VOPO4nanosheets: a novel reinforcing agent in polymeric composites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, ultrathin VOPO4nanosheets were prepared through simple ultrasonication in 2-propanol, starting from bulk VOPO4·2H2O chunks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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39
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Zhou W, Ji S, Liu P, Jiang M, Xu J. A novel method to prepare a flame-retardant polyvinyl alcohol fiber with modified acrylonitrile coatings. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fiber with a PVA substrate and modified PAN coating was constructed, which has favorable tensile strength and flame retardance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shaosi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Pengqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Mengjin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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40
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Albrecht FW, Hüppe T, Fink T, Maurer F, Wolf A, Wolf B, Volk T, Baumbach JI, Kreuer S. Influence of the respirator on volatile organic compounds: an animal study in rats over 24 hours. J Breath Res 2015; 9:016007. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/1/016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Kandola BK, Krishnan L, Deli D, Ebdon JR. Blends of unsaturated polyester and phenolic resins for application as fire-resistant matrices in fibre-reinforced composites. Part 2: Effects of resin structure, compatibility and composition on fire performance. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Chen D, Yin L, Wang H, He P. Reprint of: Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 37:116-136. [PMID: 25700606 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis has been examined as an attractive alternative to incineration for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal that allows energy and resource recovery; however, it has seldom been applied independently with the output of pyrolysis products as end products. This review addresses the state-of-the-art of MSW pyrolysis in regards to its technologies and reactors, products and environmental impacts. In this review, first, the influence of important operating parameters such as final temperature, heating rate (HR) and residence time in the reaction zone on the pyrolysis behaviours and products is reviewed; then the pyrolysis technologies and reactors adopted in literatures and scale-up plants are evaluated. Third, the yields and main properties of the pyrolytic products from individual MSW components, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) made from MSW, and MSW are summarised. In the fourth section, in addition to emissions from pyrolysis processes, such as HCl, SO2 and NH3, contaminants in the products, including PCDD/F and heavy metals, are also reviewed, and available measures for improving the environmental impacts of pyrolysis are surveyed. It can be concluded that the single pyrolysis process is an effective waste-to-energy convertor but is not a guaranteed clean solution for MSW disposal. Based on this information, the prospects of applying pyrolysis technologies to dealing with MSW are evaluated and suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Chen
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lijie Yin
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pinjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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43
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Qin TT, Shi ZQ, Li MW, Wang CY. Effect of reduction heat treatment in H2 atmosphere on structure and electrochemical properties of activated carbon. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Chen D, Yin L, Wang H, He P. Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:2466-86. [PMID: 25256662 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis has been examined as an attractive alternative to incineration for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal that allows energy and resource recovery; however, it has seldom been applied independently with the output of pyrolysis products as end products. This review addresses the state-of-the-art of MSW pyrolysis in regards to its technologies and reactors, products and environmental impacts. In this review, first, the influence of important operating parameters such as final temperature, heating rate (HR) and residence time in the reaction zone on the pyrolysis behaviours and products is reviewed; then the pyrolysis technologies and reactors adopted in literatures and scale-up plants are evaluated. Third, the yields and main properties of the pyrolytic products from individual MSW components, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) made from MSW, and MSW are summarised. In the fourth section, in addition to emissions from pyrolysis processes, such as HCl, SO2 and NH3, contaminants in the products, including PCDD/F and heavy metals, are also reviewed, and available measures for improving the environmental impacts of pyrolysis are surveyed. It can be concluded that the single pyrolysis process is an effective waste-to-energy convertor but is not a guaranteed clean solution for MSW disposal. Based on this information, the prospects of applying pyrolysis technologies to dealing with MSW are evaluated and suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Chen
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lijie Yin
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Thermal & Environmental Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pinjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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45
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Wang B, Zhou K, Wang B, Gui Z, Hu Y. Synthesis and Characterization of CuMoO4/Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxide Hybrids and Their Application as a Reinforcement in Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
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46
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47
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Jiang SD, Bai ZM, Tang G, Hu Y, Song L. Synthesis of ZnS Decorated Graphene Sheets for Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500023w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Dong Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Man Bai
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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48
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Jiang SD, Tang G, Bai ZM, Wang YY, Hu Y, Song L. Surface functionalization of MoS2with POSS for enhancing thermal, flame-retardant and mechanical properties in PVA composites. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45911j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Characterization and physiochemical studies of crosslinked thiolated polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-0982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jiang X, Feng Y, Lv G, Du Y, Qin D, Li X, Chi Y, Yan J, Liu X. Bioferment residue: TG-FTIR study and cocombustion in a MSW incineration plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:13539-44. [PMID: 23163404 DOI: 10.1021/es3032133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With fast development of industry large quantities of hazardous waste are produced in China. Today, incineration plays an important role in the disposal of hazardous waste. Co-incineration of some types of hazardous wastes with municipal solid waste (MSW) has been suggested in the Proposed Standards for Pollutants for MSW combustors in China, published in 2010. According to this proposal, coincinerated hazardous waste should have similar combustion characteristics with MSW, such as bioferment residue (HW02-276-001-02 in China Hazardous Waste List). In this study, residue from the production of hydrochloride salt spectinomycin, a bioferment process, was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis. In TGA, the sample attains its final weight before 800 °C. No gaseous pollutants evolve in large amount during FTIR analysis. During test runs at a MSW incineration plant in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, bioferment residue was added to MSW at a rate of 24 ton/day and fed to the circulated fluidized bed (CFB) incineration system with capacity of 500 ton/day MSW. The operating parameters and emissions were monitored. The system performance was obviously not affected by addition of bioferment residue to MSW/coal and the pollutant emissions met the Chinese standard, with or without addition of bioferment into feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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