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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 2: Sampling, Sample Preparation and Non-Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric-Based Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36288103 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2135984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of seawater forms a range of secondary oxidative species, collectively termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs). These compounds do not have the same biocidal efficacy, the same fate and behavior in the marine environment, the same potential formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs), nor the same effects on marine organisms. Their chemical speciation is an important step toward an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of chlorination and the potential impacts of its releases, among others. The aim of this paper - which is the second of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to cover all aspects related to CPOs analysis in seawater, from sampling to instrumental determination. First, it discusses the procedures involved in synthesis, storage, and standardization of analytical standards. Second, it deals with sampling and sample preparation, addressing all relevant issues related to these two key steps. Third, it provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the colorimetric, titrimetric, and electrochemical methods used for CPOs determination and thoroughly discusses their advantages and limitations. Finally, this review ends with some recommendations for progress in the field of CPO analysis with the three aforementioned approaches. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric-based methods will be covered in the third and final article (Part III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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2
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Roy S, Yadaw A, Roy S, Sirasani G, Gangu A, Brown JD, Armstrong JD, Stringham RW, Gupton BF, Senanayake CH, Snead DR. Facile and Scalable Methodology for the Pyrrolo[2,1- f][1,2,4]triazine of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:82-90. [PMID: 35095258 PMCID: PMC8787819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine (1) is an important regulatory starting material in the production of the antiviral drug remdesivir. Compound 1 was produced through a newly developed synthetic methodology utilizing simple building blocks such as pyrrole, chloramine, and formamidine acetate by examining the mechanistic pathway for the process optimization exercise. Triazine 1 was obtained in 55% overall yield in a two-vessel-operated process. This work describes the safety of the process, impurity profiles and control, and efforts toward the scale-up of triazine for the preparation of kilogram quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabindu Roy
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Ajay Yadaw
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Subho Roy
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Gopal Sirasani
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Aravind Gangu
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Jack D. Brown
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Joseph D. Armstrong
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Chris H. Senanayake
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - David R. Snead
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
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3
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Paymode D, Cardoso FSP, Agrawal T, Tomlin JW, Cook DW, Burns JM, Stringham RW, Sieber JD, Gupton BF, Snead DR. Expanding Access to Remdesivir via an Improved Pyrrolotriazine Synthesis: Supply Centered Synthesis. Org Lett 2020; 22:7656-7661. [PMID: 32931286 PMCID: PMC7536717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolotriazine 1 is an important precursor to remdesivir. Initial results toward an efficient synthesis are disclosed consisting of sequential cyanation, amination, and triazine formation beginning from pyrrole. This route makes use of highly abundant, commoditized raw material inputs. The yield of triazine was doubled from 31% to 59%, and the synthetic step count was reduced from 4 to 2. These efforts help to secure the remdesivir supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh
J. Paymode
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Flavio S. P. Cardoso
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Toolika Agrawal
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - John W. Tomlin
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Daniel W. Cook
- Analytical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Justina M. Burns
- Analytical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Analytical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Joshua D. Sieber
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - David R. Snead
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
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Wastensson G, Eriksson K. Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:219-271. [PMID: 32484073 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1744514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic chloramines are not commercially available, but monochloramine is produced in situ for disinfection or for use in chemical synthesis. Inorganic chloramines are also formed when free chlorine reacts with nitrogen containing substances, e.g. ammonia and urea, present in chlorinated water sources. Occupational exposure may, therefore, occur in e.g. swimming pool facilities and the food processing industry. Monochloramine is soluble and stable in water and the dominating inorganic chloramine in chlorinated water sources. No clinical effects were seen in healthy volunteers given monochloramine in drinking water during 4 or 12 weeks in doses of 0.043 or 0.034 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Limited data indicate that monochloramine is weakly mutagenic in vitro but not genotoxic in vivo. One drinking water study indicated equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity in female rats but not in male rats and mice. No reproductive or developmental effects were shown in rodents in the few studies located. Dichloramine is soluble but unstable in water. In the only study located, mild histological effects in kidneys, thyroid and gastric cardia were observed in rats administered dichloramine in drinking water for 13 weeks. Trichloramine is immiscible with water and evaporates easily from water into air. Therefore, the primary exposure route of concern in the occupational setting is inhalation. Occupational exposure to trichloramine has been demonstrated in indoor swimming pool facilities and in the food processing industry where chlorinated water is used for disinfection. Exposure-response relationships between airborne levels and self-reported ocular and upper airway irritation have been shown in several studies. Exposure to trichloramine may aggravate asthma symptoms in individuals with existing asthma. The risk of developing asthma following long-term exposure to trichloramine cannot be evaluated at present. No data on genotoxic, carcinogenic, reproductive or developmental effects were located. The toxicological data for mono- and dichloramine are insufficient to recommend health-based occupational exposure limits (OELs).As regard trichloramine, the critical effect is judged to be irritation observed in several studies on pool workers, starting at approximately 0.4 mg/m3 (stationary sampling). Based on these data, a health-based OEL of 0.1 mg/m3 (8-h time-weighted average) is recommended. This corresponds to 0.2 mg/m3 for stationary measurements in swimming pool facilities. No short-term exposure limit (STEL) is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Wastensson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kåre Eriksson
- Department of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Yar M, Hashmi MA, Ayub K. The C2N surface as a highly selective sensor for the detection of nitrogen iodide from a mixture of NX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) explosives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31997-32010. [PMID: 35518175 PMCID: PMC9056556 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosives are quite toxic and destructive; therefore, it is necessary to not only detect them but also remove them. The adsorption behavior of NX3 analytes (NCl3, NBr3 and NI3) over the microporous C2N surface was evaluated by DFT calculations. The nature of interactions between NX3 and C2N was characterized by adsorption energy, NCI, QTAIM, SAPT0, NBO, EDD and FMO analysis. The interaction energies of NX3 with C2N are in the range of −10.85 to −16.31 kcal mol−1 and follow the order of NCl3@C2N > NBr3@C2N > NI3@C2N, respectively. The 3D isosurfaces and 2D-RGD graph of NCI analysis qualitatively confirmed the existence of halogen bonding interactions among the studied systems. Halogen bonding was quantified by SAPT0 component energy analysis. The SAPT0 results revealed that ΔEdisp (56.75%) is the dominant contributor towards interaction energy, whereas contributions from ΔEelst and ΔEind are 29.41% and 14.34%, respectively. The QTAIM analysis also confirmed the presence of halogen bonding between atoms of NX3 and C2N surface. EDD analysis also validated NCI, QTAIM and NBO analysis. FMO analysis revealed that the adsorption of NI3 on the C2N surface caused the highest change in the EHOMO–LUMO gap (from 5.71 to 4.15 eV), and resulted in high sensitivity and selectivity of the C2N surface towards NI3, as compared to other analytes. It is worth mentioning that in all complexes, a significant difference in the EHOMO–LUMO gap was seen when electronic transitions occurred from the analyte to the C2N surface. Explosives are quite toxic and destructive; therefore, it is necessary to not only detect them but also remove them.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yar
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS University
- Abbottabad Campus
- Pakistan
| | | | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS University
- Abbottabad Campus
- Pakistan
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6
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Phytoremediation of Nitrogen as Green Chemistry for Wastewater Treatment System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1961205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is noteworthy that ammoniacal nitrogen contamination in wastewater has reportedly posed a great threat to the environment. Although there are several conventional technologies being employed to remediate ammoniacal nitrogen contamination in wastewater, they are not sustainable and cost-effective. Along this line, the present study aims to highlight the significance of green chemistry characteristics of phytoremediation in nitrogen for wastewater treatment. Notably, ammoniacal nitrogen can be found in many types of sources and it brings harmful effects to the environment. Hence, the present study also reviews the phytoremediation of nitrogen and describes its green chemistry characteristics. Additionally, the different types of wastewater contaminants and their effects on phytoremediation and the phytoremediation consideration in wastewater treatment application and sustainable waste management of harvested aquatic macrophytes were reviewed. Finally, the present study explicates the future perspectives of phytoremediation. Based on the reviews, it can be concluded that green chemistry characteristics of phytoremediation in nitrogen have proved that it is sustainable and cost-effective in relation to other existing ammoniacal nitrogen remediation technologies. Therefore, it can be deduced that a cheaper and more environmental friendly ammoniacal nitrogen technology can be achieved with the utilization of phytoremediation in wastewater treatment.
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7
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Norval GW. Analysis of a blast due to inadvertant mixing of ammonium sulfate and sodium hyplochlorite. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.11741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme W. Norval
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5
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