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You N, Deng SH, He H, Hu J. Ferromanganese oxide-functionalized TiO 2 for rapid catalytic ozonation of PPCPs through a coordinated oxidation process with adjusted composition and strengthened generation of reactive oxygen species. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121813. [PMID: 38820991 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Ferromanganese oxide (MFOx) was first utilized to functionalize TiO2 and an MFOx@TiO2 catalyst was developed for catalytic ozonation for rapid attack of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) with adjusted reactive oxygen species (ROSs) composition and strengthened ROSs generation. Unlike Al2O3, which strongly relied on adsorption and was significantly influenced by MFOx loading, synergistic catalytical effects of MFOx and TiO2 were observed, and optimal MFOx doping of 2 wt% and MFOx@TiO2 dosage of 500 ppm were obtained for catalyzing ozonation. In ibuprofen (IBP) degradation, MFOx@TiO2-catalyzed ozonation (MFOx@TiO2/O3) obtained 2.0-, 4.7- and 6.9-folds the kobs of TiO2/O3, MFOx/O3 and bare ozonation (B/O3). Stronger O3 decomposition was observed by MFOx@TiO2 over bare TiO2 with the participation of redox pairs Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Mn(II)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV) and increased surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs) from 9.8 % to 33.7 % was detected. The results revealed that Fe(II), Mn(II) and Mn(III) with low valance accelerated Ti(III) generation from Ti(VI), obtaining an unprecedented high Ti(III) composition occupying 35.3 % of the total Ti atoms. Ti(III) catalyzed the direct reduction of SOVs-O2 to •O2-, and it accelerated the formation of Ti(VI)-OH and Ti(VI)-O which catalyzed O3 decomposition into •O2-. •O2- was found to primarily initiate IBP degradation with nucleophilic addition and dominated over 66 % IBP removal. The enhanced •O2- generation further strengthened •OH and 1O2 production. MFOx@TiO2/O3 obtained 17 %, 21 % and 30 % higher TOC removal over TiO2/O3, MFOx/O3 and B/O3, respectively. Acute toxicity tests confirmed the effective toxicity control of organics by MFOx@TiO2/O3 process (inhibition rate: 10.9 %). Degradation test of atenolol and sulfamethoxazole confirmed the catalytic effects of MFOx@TiO2. MFOx@TiO2 performed strong resistance to water matrix in application test and showed good stability and reusability. The study proposed an effective catalyst for strengthening the ozonation process on PPCPs degradation and provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and characteristics of the MFOx@TiO2 catalyst and MFOx@TiO2/O3 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na You
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Shi-Hai Deng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Haiyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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2
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An Y, Ma XY, Chen W, Li W, Yang S, Chen R, Wang XC. The impact of inorganic ions on the solar photolysis of chlorinated dissolved organic matter from different sources: Spectral characteristics, disinfection byproducts, and biotoxicities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131135. [PMID: 36889069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is chlorinated and then discharged into natural waters, where it is subject to solar irradiation. However, the impacts of inorganic ions in natural waters on the photochemical transformations of the chlorinated DOM (DOM-Cl) have not been studied comprehensively. In this study, variations in the spectral characteristics, disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and biotoxicities of DOM-Cl under solar irradiation at different pH values and in the presence of NO3- and HCO3- were revealed. Three sources of DOM, including DOM from a WWTP effluent, natural organic matter from the Suwannee River, and DOM from plant leaf leachate, were investigated. Solar irradiation resulted in the oxidation of the highly reactive aromatic structures and then reduced the amounts of chromophoric and fluorescent DOM, especially under alkaline conditions. Moreover, alkaline conditions significantly promoted the detected DBPs degradation and the biotoxicities attenuation, while NO3- and HCO3- generally impeded them (or did not work). Dehalogenation of the unknown halogenated DBPs and photolysis of the nonhalogenated organics were the main mechanisms for the DOM-Cl biotoxicity reductions. Hence, improving the ecological safety of WWTP effluents could be achieved through solar irradiation by removing the DBPs formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali An
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Siyan Yang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Li D, Ma XY, Zhang S, Wang YK, Han Y, Chen R, Wang XC, Ngo HH. Aquatic photolysis of high-risk chemicals of emerging concern from secondary effluent mediated by sunlight irradiation for ecological safety and the enhanced methods. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120002. [PMID: 37148692 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight can reduce the chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) and biological effects from the discharged domestic wastewater. But the aquatic photolysis and biotoxic variations of specific CECs detected in secondary effluent (SE) were not clear. In this study, 29 CECs were detected in the SE, and 13 medium- and high-risk CECs were identified as target chemicals based on their ecological risk assessment. To comprehensively explore the photolysis properties of the identified target chemicals, the direct and self-sensitized photodegradation of the target chemicals, even the indirect photodegradation in the mixture, were investigated and compared with these photodegradation in the SE. Of the 13 target chemicals, only five chemicals (including dichlorvos (DDVP), mefenamic acid (MEF), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and imidacloprid (IMI)) underwent direct and self-sensitized photodegradation processes. The removal of DDVP, MEF, and DPH was attributed to self-sensitized photodegradation, which was mainly mediated by •OH; CPF and IMI primarily relied on direct photodegradation. Synergistic and/or antagonistic actions that occurred in the mixture improved/decreased the rate constants of five photodegradable target chemicals. Meanwhile, the biotoxicities (acute toxicity and genotoxicity) of the target chemicals (including individual chemicals and the mixture) were significantly reduced, which can explain the reduction of biotoxicities from SE. For the two refractory high-risk chemicals, atrazine (ATZ) and carbendazim (MBC), algae-derived intracellular dissolved organic matter (IOM) on ATZ, and IOM and extracellular dissolved organic matter (EOM) on MBC had slightly promotion for their photodegradation; while peroxysulfate, and peroxymonosulfate served as sensitizers were activated by natural sunlight and effectively improved their photodegradation rate, and then reduced their biotoxicities. These findings will promote the development of CECs treatment technologies based on sunlight irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yongkun K Wang
- School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lùan 237000, PR China
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Lee J, Hong S, An SA, Khim JS. Methodological advances and future directions of microalgal bioassays for evaluation of potential toxicity in environmental samples: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107869. [PMID: 36905773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal bioassays are widely applied to evaluate the potential toxicity of various persistent toxic substances in environmental samples due to multiple advantages, including high sensitivity, short test duration, and cost-effectiveness. Microalgal bioassay is gradually developing in method, and the scope of application to environmental samples is also expanding. Here, we reviewed the published literature on microalgal bioassays for environmental assessments, focusing on types of samples, sample preparation methods, and endpoints, and highlighted key scientific advancements. Bibliographic analysis was performed with the keywords 'microalgae' and 'toxicity' or 'bioassay', and 'microalgal toxicity'; 89 research articles were selected and reviewed. Traditionally, most studies implementing microalgal bioassays focused on water samples (44%) with passive samplers (38%). Studies using the direct exposure method (41%) of injecting microalgae into sampled water mainly evaluated toxic effects by growth inhibition (63%). Recently, various automated sampling techniques, in situ bioanalytical methods with multiple endpoints, and targeted and non-targeted chemical analyses have been applied. More research is needed to identify causative toxicants affecting microalgae and to quantify the cause-effect relationships. This study provides the first comprehensive overview of recent advances in microalgal bioassays performed with environmental samples, suggesting future research directions based on current understanding and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ah An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ma XY, Chen W, Tang L, Wang YK, Li M, Wang XC. The impact of natural sunlight irradiation on the biotoxicities of different molecular sizes EfOM/SRNOM and its relationship with spectral and molecular level parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156972. [PMID: 35772563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight irradiation is regarded as an efficient and low-carbon method for controlling the biotoxicity of effluents from domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dissolved organic matter in WWTPs effluent (EfOM) is responsible for the non-specific biotoxicity of effluent. In the present study, the variation in spectral characteristics, molecular composition, luminescent bacteria toxicity, and genotoxicity of EfOM of different molecular sizes (MOSs) during natural sunlight irradiation were investigated from a systematic perspective, and the standard natural organic matter from the Suwannee River (SRNOM) was synchronously assessed for comparative purposes. To further explore the cause of the biotoxicity changes, the relationships between the spectral or molecular level parameters (obtained from FT-ICR MS analysis) and biotoxicity were assessed using correlation analysis. The molecules in <1 kDa EfOM with lower molecular weight, higher unsaturation degree, and higher humification and fluorescence had higher luminescent bacteria toxicity under sunlight irradiation. However, in the <1 kDa SRNOM, the molecules which were characterized by higher humification and fluorescence had higher luminescent bacteria toxicity. The notable genotoxicity reduction of EfOM under sunlight irradiation was attributed to the photochemical degradation of components with a high unsaturation degree. Such findings could enable ecological safety improvement of aquatic environments using natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Lei Tang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yongkun K Wang
- School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lùan 237000, PR China
| | - Mengkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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6
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Bai X, Zhang Y, Shi J, Xu L, Wang Y, Jin P. A new application pattern for sludge-derived biochar adsorbent: Ideal persulfate activator for the high-efficiency mineralization of pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126343. [PMID: 34214858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Via enlarging the specific surface area of sludge biochar to enhance the close contact of multiple reactants may be a simple route to improve the catalytic performance with reduced dosage of biochar and oxidant, benefitting for cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Herein, PS activation ability of a reported sludge-derived biochar adsorbent was investigated. 80% TOC of 100 mL 10 mg/L BPA was removed within 40 min by 7 mg biochar and 0.5 mM PS mixed, with a relatively high PS activation efficiency close to 50%. Expectedly, the desired mineralization efficiency of complex actual wastewater was also identified. Eco-friendliness of the application mode was confirmed by the leaching toxicity and acute bio-toxicity tests. Physicochemical properties of the sludge biochar were comprehensively characterized by various techniques. Combined with a series of mechanism analysis, ·OH, SO4·-, ·O2-, 1O2, free electron all participated in pollutants removal process and the non-radical pathway of electron transfer dominated the reaction. The generated metastable complex [SBC-PS*] confirmed by in situ FT-IR and Raman spectra was the most important active species for electron transfer and PS decomposition. Due to the high efficiency and stability, the sludge biochar adsorbent/PS catalytic system provides a promising way for waste reuse and advanced wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China
| | - Pengkang Jin
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710055, China.
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Wang YK, Wang XC, Ma XY. Micropollutants and biological effects as control indexes for the operation and design of shallow open-water unit ponds to polish domestic effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126306. [PMID: 34126380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Additional control indexes should be considered for the operation and design of post-treatment systems, as the wastewater treatment objectives are developing toward protecting the safety of ecological environments. In this study, two control indexes were selected and examined systematically in pilot-scale shallow open-water unit (SOWU) ponds for domestic effluent polishing: micropollutants and biotoxicities. The total risk quotient (RQTotal ≤ 1) and effect-based trigger value (EBT) were set as the thresholds for known micropollutants and biological effects, respectively. The results showed that RQTotal of micropollutants (n = 46) could be mitigated to an acceptable level and the luminescent bacteria toxicity was in compliance with the EBT after SOWU polishing in the warm season. The reduction of micropollutants and biotoxicities in the SOWUs both fit the k-C* model well (R2 > 0.9) in the warm and cold seasons. Finally, the k-C* model integrated with the control indexes was developed to design the SOWU dimensions, and the results indicated that a pond area of 21.7-108.5 m2 was required for every 1 m3/d of effluent when micropollutants were set as the control index, while a pond area of 3.6-18.2 m2 was required when luminescent bacteria toxicity was set as the control index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun K Wang
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an 710055, China.
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wen H, Wang X, Zhang J, Long T. A critical review on challenges and trend of ultrapure water production process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147254. [PMID: 33933770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent and vigorous developments in semiconductor technology strictly request better quality and large quantity of ultrapure water (UPW) for their production. It is crucial to secure a large amount of raw water for the future development of UPW production. Using reclaimed water as alternative raw water source to produce UPW is therefore considered the feasible trend and solution for sustainable use of water resources towards a common future practice in UPW production. The challenge of using reclaimed water is due to its higher content of organic pollutants, especially small molecule organic pollutants such as urea, which are difficult to remove through traditional UPW production process. Consequently, improving the existing UPW production process to meet the water standard desired in the semiconductor industry is essential. This paper reviewed the current traditional processes for removing organic matters in UPW production, including ion-exchange (IX) adsorption, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The potential problems in the actual UPW production process were identified when using reclaimed water as raw water source. A new strategy of applying the advanced oxidation process (AOPs) to UPW production as a supplementary unit to guarantee UPW quality was proposed. Its feasibility and research focus were then analyzed and discussed in obtaining a new solution for a future development of the UPW production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Yuanying Yang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Haitao Wen
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- TG Hilyte Environment Technology (Beijing) Co., LTD., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- TG Hilyte Environment Technology (Beijing) Co., LTD., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tianwei Long
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
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Wang YK, Ma XY, Zhang S, Tang L, Zhang H, Wang XC. Sunlight-induced changes in naturally stored reclaimed water: Dissolved organic matter, micropollutant, and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141768. [PMID: 32896733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight is a vital environmental element and plays a significant role in the ecological storage of reclaimed water (RW), but its impacts on RW quality are poorly understood. In this study, sunlight-induced changes in RW with a focus on dissolved organic matter (rDOM) and 52 residual micropollutants were investigated in the field during the summer and winter seasons. The results indicated that sunlight exposure led to the dissipation of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) in the summer (55% loss) and winter (19% loss) after 14 consecutive sunny days. During open storage of RW, CDOM absorption in UVC regions was preferentially removed in the summer, while during the winter there was preferential removal of CDOM in UVA regions. The results also showed higher fluorescent DOM (FDOM) removal in summer than in winter (49% and 28%, respectively). Results in both seasons indicated that humic acid-like compounds were the most photolabile fractions and were preferentially removed under sunlight exposure. Sunlight also induced attenuation of micropollutants in the summer and winter at reductions of 66% and 24% from the initial values, respectively. Significant attenuation (>75%) was only observed for endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and sunscreens in the summer, but they accounted for 76% of the total concentrations. Vibrio fischeri toxicity tests demonstrated that sunlight constantly decreased the luminescent bacteria acute toxicity of RW, which was estimated to be caused mainly by the sunlight-induced changes of FDOM and CDOM, while the detected micropollutants could only explain 0.02%-2% of acute toxicity. These findings have important implications regarding our understanding of the ecological storage of reclaimed water and the contribution of management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun K Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengfeng Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Tang L, Ma XY, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zheng K, Wang XC, Lin Y. Removal of trace organic pollutants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides) and reduction of biological effects from secondary effluent by typical granular activated carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141611. [PMID: 32827814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residual trace organic pollutants (TOPs) and associated biological effects from secondary effluent (SE) are attracting much attention because of their safety concerns. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, due to its low cost and high efficiency, is widely applied for further wastewater treatment, but its selective removals of TOPs and biological effects are poorly understood. In the present study, the surface physicochemical characteristics of four types of typical GACs were investigated, and their correlation with luminescent bacteria toxicity was discussed. Based on the biological effect control, shell GAC, with a great adsorption capacity and high functional group contents was selected for further study, including for the removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (DOM), 21 TOPs, and 3 biological effects. The shell GAC showed a promising property of removing fluorescent DOM and TOPs. The total concentration of 21 detected TOPs, including 12 pesticides and 9 pharmaceuticals, achieved 82% removal when 30 g/L shell GACs was added. Individual chemicals removal by GAC adsorption was not well described by an individual parameter (e.g., logD, molecular size, charge, functional groups), but rather by a variety of physical and chemical interactions among TOPs, DOM, and GAC. The biological effects from SE were mainly caused by TOPs and DOM. Hence, shell GACs also showed high removal efficiencies of luminescent bacteria toxicity, genotoxicity, and photosynthetic inhibition effect. The removal mechanisms of the three biological effects from SE were deeply discussed. Therefore, the GAC treatment is considered to be one of the most suitable options to ensure the ecological safety of discharged wastewater, because it can effectively control DOM, TOPs, and associated biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yu Lin
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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11
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Zhang C, Xu P, Wang XC, Xu L. Bacterial viability and diversity in a landscape lake replenished with reclaimed water: a case study in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32796-32808. [PMID: 32519106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of bacterial viability and diversity in landscape waters replenished with reclaimed water, the typical landscape lake using reclaimed water was investigated in this study. Samples were collected from a reclaimed water inlet (P1), a reclaimed water distribution outlet (P2), and a landscape lake replenished by reclaimed water (P3). By means of measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP), flow cytometry (FCM), and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, the bacterial viability and diversity in reclaimed water distribution system and landscape lake were illustrated. The bacterial ATP contents at P1, P2, and P3 were 3.55 ± 1.79 ng/L, 3.31 ± 1.43 ng/L, and 18.97 ± 6.39 μg/L, and the intact bacterial cell concentrations were 5.91 ± 0.52 × 104 cells/mL, 7.95 ± 2.58 × 104 cells/mL, and 5.65 ± 2.10 × 106 cells/mL, respectively. These results indicated a significant increase of bacterial viability in the landscape lake. The Shannon diversity index of 6.535, 7.05, and 6.886 at P1, P2, and P3, respectively, demonstrated no notable change of bacterial diversity from reclaimed water distribution system to landscape lake. However, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas sp. at P3 was significantly higher than that at P1. These findings indicated that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria could be revived in the landscape lake. The bacterial viability during reclaimed water reuse should deserve special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongmiao Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Limei Xu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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12
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Ma XY, Dong K, Tang L, Wang Y, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Chen R, Wang N. Investigation and assessment of micropollutants and associated biological effects in wastewater treatment processes. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:119-127. [PMID: 32563475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) attempt to achieve the shifting from general pollution parameters control to reduction of organic micropollutants discharge. However, they have not been able to satisfy the increasing ecological safety needs. In this study, the removal of micropollutants was investigated, and the ecological safety was assessed for a local WWTP. Although the total concentration of 31 micropollutants detected was reduced by 83% using the traditional biological treatment processes, the results did not reflect chemicals that had poor removal efficiencies and low concentrations. Of the five categories of micropollutants, herbicides, insecticides, and bactericides were difficult to remove, pharmaceuticals and UV filters were effectively eliminated. The specific photosynthesis inhibition effect and non-specific bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater were detected and evaluated using hazardous concentration where 5% of aquatic organisms are affected. The photosynthesis inhibition effect from wastewater in the WWTP was negligible, even the untreated raw wastewater. However, the bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater which was defined as the priority biological effect, posed potential ecological risk. To decrease non-specific biological effects, especially of macromolecular dissolved organic matter, overall pollutant reduction strategy is necessary. Meanwhile, the ozonation process was used to further decrease the bioluminescence inhibition effects from the secondary effluent; ≥ 0.34 g O3/g DOC of ozone dose was recommended for micropollutants elimination control and ecological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rong Chen
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
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13
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Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040170. [PMID: 31574994 PMCID: PMC6963801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis viruses in wastewater reclamation systems can pose a major threat to public health. In this study, multiple gastroenteritis viruses were detected from wastewater to estimate the viral contamination sources in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system installed in a suburb of Xi'an city, China. Reverse transcription plus nested or semi-nested PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were used for detection and genotyping of noroviruses and rotaviruses. As a result, 91.7% (22/24) of raw sewage samples, 70.8% (17/24) of the wastewater samples treated by anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) process and 62.5% (15/24) of lake water samples were positive for at least one of target gastroenteritis viruses while all samples collected from membrane bioreactor effluent after free chlorine disinfection were negative. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that epidemiologically minor strains of norovirus GI (GI/14) and GII (GII/13) were frequently detected in the system. Considering virus concentration in the disinfected MBR effluent which is used as the source of lake water is below the detection limit, these results indicate that artificial lake may be contaminated from sources other than the wastewater reclamation system, which may include aerosols, and there is a possible norovirus infection risk by exposure through reclaimed water usage and by onshore winds transporting aerosols containing norovirus.
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14
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Ma XY, Wang Y, Dong K, Wang XC, Zheng K, Hao L, Ngo HH. The treatability of trace organic pollutants in WWTP effluent and associated biotoxicity reduction by advanced treatment processes for effluent quality improvement. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:423-433. [PMID: 31121410 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As increasing attention is paid to surface water protection, there has been demand for improvements of domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This has led to the application of many different advanced treatment processes (ATPs). In this study, the treatability of trace organic pollutants in secondary effluent (SE) and associated biotoxicity reduction by four types of ATPs, including coagulation, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and photocatalysis, and ozonation, were investigated at the bench-scale. The ATPs showed different removal capacity for the 48 chemicals, which were classified into seven categories. EDCs, herbicides, bactericides and pharmaceuticals were readily degraded, and insecticides, flame retardants, and UV filters were relatively resistant to removal. During these processes, the efficiency of the ATPs in reducing four biological effects were investigated. Of the four biological effects, the estrogenic activity from SE was not detected using the yeast estrogen screen. In contrast with genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition, bacterial cytotoxicity posed by SE was the most difficult biological effect to reduce with these ATPs. GAC adsorption and ozonation were the most robust treatment processes for reducing the three detected biotoxicities. UV photolysis and photocatalysis showed comparable efficiencies for the reduction of genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition. However, coagulation only performed well in genotoxicity reduction. The effect-based trigger values for the four bioassays, that were derived from the existing environmental quality standards and from HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5% of aquatic organisms), were all used to select and optimize these ATPs for ecological safety. Conducting ATPs in more appropriate ways could eliminate the negative effects of WWTP effluent on receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Hao
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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15
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Chen Y, Yu K, Hassan M, Xu C, Zhang B, Gin KYH, He Y. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of pesticides in a river-reservoir system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:320-327. [PMID: 30278393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The water environment from river to reservoir has been considered as a hybrid river-reservoir system due to pronounced environmental properties. This study investigated the distribution and potential environmental behavior of pesticides in river-reservoir system, examining 31 target pesticides in water phase from a key drinking water source (Dongjiang River). The concentrations of ∑8OCPs, ∑16OPPs and ∑7SPs with the corresponding occurrence were in the range of 107.57-340.35 ng/L (moderate level), 232.65-1197.95 ng/L (moderate level) and 125.23-245.09 ng/L (low level), respectively. Ecological risk assessments indicated that most of the pesticides posed a high level of risk to the aquatic organisms. Moreover, seasonal agricultural application, rainfall and temperature could influence the levels and compositions of ∑8OCPs, ∑16OPPs and ∑7SPs in the river system, while seasonal hydrological processes could only influence their compositions in the reservoir system. In the wet season, the levels of ∑8OCPs and ∑7SPs decreased from the river system to reservoir system probably via biogeochemical processes, while the level of ∑16OPPs decreased along the environmental gradient probably via dilution process. Additionally, longer hydraulic retention time of the reservoir system could contribute to the biogeochemical processes for OPPs and SPs exported from the river system, but it might fail to facilitate this process for OCPs. Taken together, this study highlighted that the distributions and environmental behavior of pesticides in river-reservoir system varied seasonally from river system to reservoir system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaifeng Yu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cong Xu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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16
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Du Y, Wu QY, Lv XT, Wang QP, Lu Y, Hu HY. Exposure to solar light reduces cytotoxicity of sewage effluents to mammalian cells: Roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:570-578. [PMID: 30015097 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sewage effluents can contain hundreds of toxic pollutants, making them a risk to humans when involved in drinking water. It is therefore important to evaluate the cytotoxicity of sewage effluents to mammalian cells. Solar light might influence the water quality of sewage effluents after their discharge into lakes or rivers, altering their cytotoxicity. In this study, natural solar light was found to lower the cytotoxicity of sewage effluents to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cytotoxicity of different samples decreased by 31%-65% after 12 h of simulated irradiation. Ultraviolet in sunlight was the major contributor to the cytotoxicity reduction. Aquatic reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, were generated in the effluents under irradiation and they contributed to part of cytotoxicity reduction. Pollutants in sewage effluents induced cytotoxicity by simultaneously elevating the levels of intracellular ROS and intracellular reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in CHO cells. Solar light and the aquatic ROS formed under irradiation reduced the cytotoxicity because the transformed pollutants in sewage effluents increased lower intracellular ROS and RNS levels. These results help reveal the detoxification mechanism of sewage effluents in natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Tong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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17
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Ma XY, Li Q, Wang XC, Wang Y, Wang D, Ngo HH. Micropollutants removal and health risk reduction in a water reclamation and ecological reuse system. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:272-281. [PMID: 29614455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As reclaimed water use is increasing, its safety attracts growing attention, particularly with respect to the health risks associated with the wide range of micropollutants found in the reclaimed water. In this study, sophisticated analysis was conducted for water samples from a water reclamation and ecological reuse system where domestic wastewater was treated using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic unit followed by a membrane bioreactor (A2O-MBR), and the reclaimed water was used for replenishing a landscape lake. A total of 58 organic micropollutants were detected in the system, consisting of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 phenols, 3 pesticides, and 26 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). After treatment by the A2O-MBR process, effective removal of pesticides and phenols was achieved, while when the reclaimed water entered the landscape lake, PPCPs were further removed. From the physicochemical properties of micropollutants, it could be inferred that phenols and dichlorphos (the only pesticide with considerable concentration in the influent) would have been mainly removed by biodegradation and/or volatilization in the biological treatment process. Additionally, it is probable that sludge adsorption also contributed to the removal of dichlorphos. For the predominant PPCP removal in the landscape lake, various actions, such as adsorption, biodegradation, photolysis, and ecologically mediated processes (via aquatic plants and animals), would have played significant roles. However, according to their logKoc, logKow and logD (pH = 8) values, it could be concluded that adsorption by suspended solids might be an important action. Although carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with all the detected micropollutants were at negligible levels, the hazard quotients (HQs) of PPCPs accounted for 92.03%-97.23% of the HQTotal. With the significant removal of PPCPs through the ecological processes in the landscape lake, the safety of reclaimed water use could be improved. Therefore, the introduction of ecological unit into the water reclamation and reuse system could be an effective measure for health risk reduction posed by micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Spectroscopic characterization of DOM and the nitrogen removal mechanism during wastewater reclamation plant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187355. [PMID: 29149172 PMCID: PMC5693440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the Sha-he wastewater reclamation plant was evaluated in this study. To remove residual nitrogen after Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2O) treatment, three multistage Anoxic-Oxic (A/O) were added to investigate the nitrogen removal efficiency and its mechanism. In addition, the constituents and evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during wastewater reclamation was also investigated using a method combining fluorescence spectroscopy with fluorescence regional integration (FRI). The results suggested that multistage A/O treatment can effectively improve the nitrogen removal ability under low concentrations of carbon sources. The total nitrogen (TN) exhibits significantly positive correlation with fulvic acid-like materials and humic acid-like materials. The correlation coefficient for TN and fulvic acid-like substances (R2 = 0.810, P < 0.01) removal was greater than that of humic acid-like substances (R2 = 0.636, P < 0.05). The results indicate that nitrogen removal may be achieved with the fulvic-like and humic-like substances, and the removal effects were higher by fulvic acid-like substances than humic-like substances, mostly due to that the latter were relatively more difficult to be utilized as carbon source during the nitrogen removal process. The effluent water quality of biological treatment reached the first grade A standard of “Cities sewage treatment plant pollutant discharge standard” (GB18918-2002). In addition, the effluent from the membrane bioreactor reached the “Standards of reclaimed water quality” (SL368-2006).
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Niu Z, Jin S. Ecological risk assessment of toxic organic pollutant and heavy metals in water and sediment from a landscape lake in Tianjin City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12301-12311. [PMID: 28357793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the ecological risk of toxic organic pollutant (formaldehyde) and heavy metals (mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr)) in water and sediment from a landscape Lake in Tianjin City, an ecological risk assessment was performed. The risk quotient (RQ) method and the AQUATOX model were used to assess the ecological risk of formaldehyde in landscape water. Meanwhile, the RQ method and the potential ecological risk index method were used to assess the ecological risk of four heavy metals in water and sediment from the studied landscape lake, respectively. The results revealed that the maximum concentration of formaldehyde in landscape water was lower than the environmental quality standards of surface water in China. The maximum simulated concentrations of formaldehyde in phytoplankton and invertebrates were 3.15 and 22.91 μg/L, respectively, which were far less than its toxicity data values (1000 and 510 μg/L, respectively), suggesting that formaldehyde in landscape water was at a safe level for aquatic organisms. The RQ model indicated that the risks of phytoplankton and invertebrates were higher than that of fish posed by Hg and Cd in landscape water, and the risks from As and Cr were acceptable for all test organisms. Cd is the most important pollution factor among all heavy metals in sediment from studied landscape lake, and the pollution factor sequence of heavy metals was Hg > As > Cr > Cd. The values of risk index (RI) for four heavy metals in samples a and b were 43.48 and 72.66, which were much lower than the threshold value (150), suggesting that the ecological risk posed by heavy metals in sediment was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shaopei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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