1
|
Che RP, Cheung MC. Factors Associated with the Utilization of Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS) Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2024; 67:776-802. [PMID: 38616618 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2024.2342455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Home and community-based services (HCBS) for older adults have been promoted worldwide to address the growing problems of aging. This systematic review included 59 studies published from 2013 to 2023 to explore factors influencing the utilization of HCBS among older adults. The review identified 15 common factors grouped into four levels of influence: individual, inter-relationship, community, and social contextual levels. The findings suggest that HCBS utilization is a dynamic process influenced by multiple factors at different levels. Gerontological social work should incorporate ecological thinking to improve practice and strengthen caregiver-recipient relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ping Che
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xia X, Li Q. Luxury or normal goods? Evidence from the utilization of institutional care services for the disabled older adults in China. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1289502. [PMID: 38249379 PMCID: PMC10796996 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1289502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nursing care is essential for older adults with disabilities. Income plays a crucial role in determining the utilization of institutional care services. Pension benefit, as the main source of income for the older adults in China's cities and towns in their later years, is an important factor influencing the utilization of institutional care services. However, there have been no consistent findings on how pension benefits affect the utilization of institutional care services for the disabled older adults. Methods This paper utilizes data from the 2017-2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. We select disabled older adults aged 65 and older, living in towns and cities, and use a probit regression model to investigate the impact of pension benefits on the utilization of institutional care services by urban disabled older adults empirically. Results The study shows that a 1% increase in pension benefits raises the probability that the urban disabled older adults use institutional care services by 0.03. It also finds that for low-income urban disabled older adults, the effect is statistically significantly positive at the 1% level; but for high-income urban disabled older adults, the effect is not statistically significant. The pension benefits significantly increase the probability for the disabled older adults who are male, financially dependent, and live in townships. In addition, the pension benefits significantly reduce the probability that children will provide care and pay for care services for their older parents. Conclusion Institutional care service is a normal good for the urban disabled older adults, especially for low-income older adults. Therefore, higher pension benefit raises the probability of utilizing institutional care services for the urban older adults with disabilities, and this positive effect is especially pronounced for older adults who are male, financially dependent, and reside in townships. In addition, increase in the pension benefits for the disabled older adults in towns and cities reduces the burden on children by reducing the probability that children will provide care and pay for care services for the older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quanlun Li
- School of Public Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao N, Shi T, Pan C. Does long-term care insurance reduce the disability among middle-aged and older adults? Evidence from China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1138. [PMID: 37312092 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the implementation of Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) policy could reduce the disability among middle-aged and older adults in China, and to test the heterogeneity of the effects. Data came from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011 to 2018). The Difference-In-Differences (DID) method and the panel data fixed effect model were used to estimate the effect of implementation of LTCI policy on disability among individuals aged 45 years and above. The LTCI policy had a positive impact on reducing disability among middle-aged and older people. Females, younger adults, city dwellers, and individuals living alone benefited the most from LTCI policy. The results provided empirical evidence for the implementation of LTCI policy in China and other similar countries as China. The implementation of LTCI policy should also pay more attention to inequity of the effects on reducing disability among different demographic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Cao
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University Chashan Campus, Wenzhou City, 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tong Shi
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chaoping Pan
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University Chashan Campus, Wenzhou City, 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Li L, Yang J, Jiao L, Golden T, Wang Z, Liu H, Wu P, Bärnighausen T, Geldsetzer P, Wang C. The impact of long-term care insurance in China on beneficiaries and caregivers: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH ECONOMICS AND POLICY 2021; 1:e2021014. [PMID: 35083471 PMCID: PMC8788994 DOI: 10.52872/001c.29559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China's long-term care insurance (LTCI) policy has been minimally evaluated. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of China's LTCI pilot on beneficiaries and their caregivers. METHODS This review is based on a search of peer-reviewed studies in English (Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science) and Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], VIP, Wanfang) databases from January 2016 through July 2020, with all studies published in English or Chinese included. We included quantitative analyses of beneficiary-level data that assessed the impact of LTCI on beneficiaries and their caregivers, with no restriction placed on the outcomes studied. RESULTS Nine studies met our inclusion criteria. One study was a randomised trial and two used quasi-experimental approaches. Four studies examined LTCI's effect on beneficiaries' quality of life, physical pain, and health service utilisation; one study reported the effect on beneficiaries' healthcare expenditures; and one study evaluated the impact on caregivers' care tasks. These studies generally found LTCI to be associated with an improvement in patients' quality of life (including decreased physical pain), a reduction in the number of outpatient visits and hospitalisations, decreased patient-level health expenditures (e.g. one study reported a reduction in the length of stay, inpatient expenditures, and health insurance expenditures in tertiary hospitals by 41.0%, 17.7%, and 11.4%, respectively), and reduced informal care tasks for caregivers. In addition, four out of four studies that evaluated this outcome found that beneficiaries' overall satisfaction with LTCI was high. CONCLUSION The current evidence base for the effects of LTCI in China on beneficiaries and their caregivers is sparse. Nonetheless, the existing studies suggest that LTCI has positive effects on beneficiaries and their caregivers. Further rigorous research on the impacts of LTCI in China is needed to inform the future expansion of the program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Chen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Linye Li
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
| | | | - Todd Golden
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Haitao Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Peixin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University; Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Chen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong J, He D, Nyman JA, Konetzka RT. Wealth and the utilization of long-term care services: evidence from the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 21:345-366. [PMID: 33782835 DOI: 10.1007/s10754-021-09299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term care (LTC) provision and financing has become a major challenge for policymakers in the United States and worldwide. To inform associated policies and more efficiently allocate LTC resources, it is important to understand how demand for different types of LTC services responds to increased wealth. We use data from the United States Health and Retirement Study to examine the use of LTC services following plausibly exogenous positive shocks to wealth. We further account for time-invariant household-level characteristics, including the expectation of a wealth shock at an unknown future time, by employing household fixed effects. We find that large positive wealth shocks lead to a greater probability of purchase of paid home care but not of nursing home care. Our results imply that expanding home and community-based services and insurance coverage of home care for people without sufficient wealth is likely to be efficient and welfare improving and should be considered by policymakers.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 4 Given name: [R. Tamara] Last name: [Konetzka]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.confirmedPlease confirm the city are correct and amend if necessary in Affiliations 1, 2, 3, 4.confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- IMPAQ International, Columbia, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mah JC, Stevens SJ, Keefe JM, Rockwood K, Andrew MK. Social factors influencing utilization of home care in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:145. [PMID: 33639856 PMCID: PMC7912889 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults want to live at home as long as possible, even in the face of circumstances that limit their autonomy. Home care services reflect this emergent preference, allowing older adults to 'age in place' in familiar settings rather than receiving care for chronic health conditions or ageing needs in an institutionalized setting. Numerous social factors, generally studied in isolation, have been associated with home care utilization. Even so, social circumstances are complex and how these factors collectively influence home care use patterns remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To provide a broad and comprehensive overview of the social factors influencing home care utilization; and to evaluate the influence of discrete social factors on patterns of home care utilization in community-dwelling older adults in high-income countries. METHODS A scoping review was conducted of six electronic databases for records published between 2010 and 2020; additional records were obtained from hand searching review articles, reference lists of included studies and documents from international organisations. A narrative synthesis was presented, complemented by vote counting per social factor, harvest plots and an evaluation of aggregated findings to determine consistency across studies. RESULTS A total of 2,365 records were identified, of which 66 met inclusion criteria. There were 35 discrete social factors grouped into four levels of influence using a socio-ecological model (individual, relationship, community and societal levels) and grouped according to outcome of interest (home care propensity and intensity). Across all studies, social factors consistently showing any association (positive, negative, or equivocal in pattern) with home care propensity were: age, ethnicity/race, self-assessed health, insurance, housing ownership, housing problems, marital status, household income, children, informal caregiving, social networks and urban/rural area. Age, education, personal finances, living arrangements and housing ownership were associated with home care intensity, also with variable patterns in utilization. Additional community and societal level factors were identified as relevant but lacking consistency across the literature; these included rurality, availability of community services, methods of financing home care systems, and cultural determinants. CONCLUSION This is the first literature review bringing together a wide range of reported social factors that influence home care utilization. It confirms social factors do influence home care utilization in complex interactions, distinguishes level of influences at which these factors affect patterns of use and discusses policy implications for home care reform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C Mah
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, London, UK.
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Susan J Stevens
- Faculty of Family Studies and Gerontology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Continuing Care, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice M Keefe
- Faculty of Family Studies and Gerontology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zwar L, König HH, Hajek A. The impact of receiving informal care on self-esteem and its moderation by social class. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:1736-1745. [PMID: 31179728 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1617241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This longitudinal study aims to investigate the association between informal care receipt and self-esteem, and explore the influence of social class on this association.Method: Data from the German Ageing Survey (waves 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014; 7870 observations) drawn from community-dwelling individuals (aged 40 years and older) was used.Results: Results revealed that receiving care was not significantly associated with self-esteem. However, when the sample was stratified by social class, receipt of care was significantly associated with increased self-esteem in individuals from lower social classes (lower class, lower middle class). Moderator analysis demonstrated a significant interaction effect between belonging to the lower middle class and receipt of care.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that care recipients can benefit from informal care regarding their self-esteem, at least if they are from lower social classes. This implies that informal care should be supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Zwar
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen L, Xu X. Effect Evaluation of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) System on the Health Care of the Elderly: A Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:863-875. [PMID: 32922026 PMCID: PMC7457853 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s270454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background How to cope with the rapid growth of LTC (long-term care) needs for the old people without activities of daily living (ADL), which is also a serious hazard caused by public health emergencies such as COVID-2019 and SARS (2003), has become an urgent task in China, Germany, Japan, and other aging countries. As a response, the LTCI (long-term care insurance) system has been executed among European countries and piloted in 15 cities of China in 2016. Subsequently, the influence and dilemma of LTCI system have become a hot academic topic in the past 20 years. Methods The review was carried out to reveal the effects of the LTCI system on different economic entities by reviewing relevant literature published from January 2008 to September 2019. The quality of 25 quantitative and 24 qualitative articles was evaluated using the JBI and CASP critical evaluation checklist, respectively. Results The review systematically examines the effects of the LTCI system on different microeconomic entities such as caretakers or their families and macroeconomic entities such as government spending. The results show that the LTCI system has a great impact on social welfare. For example, LTCI has a positive effect on the health and life quality of the disabled elderly. However, the role of LTCI in alleviating the financial burden on families with the disabled elderly may be limited. Conclusion Implementation of LTCI system not only in reducing the physical and mental health problems of health care recipients and providers, and the economic burden of their families, but also promote the development of health care service industry and further improvement of the health care system. However, the dilemma and sustainable development of the LTCI system is the government needs to focus on in the future due to the sustainability of its funding sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Chen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocang Xu
- School of Economics, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, People's Republic of China.,Department of Actuarial Studies & Business Analytics, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mommaerts C, Truskinovsky Y. The cyclicality of informal care. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2020; 71:102306. [PMID: 32171128 PMCID: PMC7231658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper measures the cyclicality of an important input into elderly health: informal care. Using independent survey measures of informal caregiving and care receipt over the past two decades, we find that informal care from adult children to their elderly parents is countercyclical. By contrast, informal care from spouses is procyclical among individuals in their sixties. We find little corresponding change in the use of formal care, highlighting the potential for unmet care needs across the business cycle. These findings suggest that informal health inputs may play an important role in the interpretation of the cyclicality of elderly mortality.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hugonnier J, Pelgrin F, St-Amour P. Closing down the shop: Optimal health and wealth dynamics near the end of life. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2020; 29:138-153. [PMID: 31846129 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Near the end of life, health declines, mortality risk increases, and curative care is replaced by uninsured long-term care, accelerating the fall in wealth. Whereas standard explanations emphasize inevitable aging processes, we propose a complementary closing down the shop justification where agents' decisions affect their health and the timing of death. Despite preferring to live, individuals optimally deplete their health and wealth towards levels associated with high death risk and gradual indifference between life and death. Reinstating exogenous aging processes reinforces the relevance of closing down. Using Health and Retirement Study-Consumption and Activities Mail Survey data for elders, a structural estimation of the closed-form decisions identifies, tests, and confirms the relevance of closing down.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hugonnier
- College of Management of Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Finance Institute, Zürich, Switzerland
- CEPR, London, UK
| | - Florian Pelgrin
- Department of Data Science, Economics and Finance, EDHEC Business School, Paris, France
- CIRANO, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Amour
- HEC Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Finance Institute, Zürich, Switzerland
- CIRANO, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsai Y. Social Security Income and Health Care Spending: Evidence from the Social Security Notch. THE SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 2018; 120:440-464. [PMID: 29416194 PMCID: PMC5798471 DOI: 10.1111/sjoe.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper exploits Social Security legislation changes to identify the causal effect of Social Security income on out-of-pocket medical expenditures of the elderly. Using the 1986-1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey and an instrumental variables strategy, the empirical results show that health care expenditures are responsive to changes in Social Security income for elderly individuals with less than a high school education. The estimated income elasticities are between 1.41 and 3.47 depending on the outcome measures and are statistically significant at conventional levels. The findings are in contrast to existing studies that find a small income elasticity at the individual/household level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Tsai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van Noort O, Schotanus F, van de Klundert J, Telgen J. Explaining regional variation in home care use by demand and supply variables. Health Policy 2017; 122:140-146. [PMID: 29122376 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, home care services like district nursing and personal assistance are provided by private service provider organizations and covered by private health insurance companies which bear legal responsibility for purchasing these services. To improve value for money, their procurement increasingly replaces fee-for-service payments with population based budgets. Setting appropriate population budgets requires adaptation to the legitimate needs of the population, whereas historical costs are likely to be influenced by supply factors as well, not all of which are necessarily legitimate. Our purpose is to explain home care costs in terms of demand and supply factors. This allows for adjusting historical cost patterns when setting population based budgets. Using expenses claims of 60 Dutch municipalities, we analyze eight demand variables and five supply variables with a multiple regression model to explain variance in the number of clients per inhabitant, costs per client and costs per inhabitant. Our models explain 69% of variation in the number of clients per inhabitant, 28% of costs per client and 56% of costs per inhabitant using demand factors. Moreover, we find that supply factors explain an additional 17-23% of variation. Predictors of higher utilization are home care organizations that are integrated with intramural nursing homes, higher competition levels among home care organizations and the availability of complementary services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier van Noort
- University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Fredo Schotanus
- University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jan Telgen
- University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|