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van Golen RF, Olthof PB, Lionarons DA, Reiniers MJ, Alles LK, Uz Z, de Haan L, Ergin B, de Waart DR, Maas A, Verheij J, Jansen PL, Damink SWO, Schaap FG, van Gulik TM, Heger M. FXR agonist obeticholic acid induces liver growth but exacerbates biliary injury in rats with obstructive cholestasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16529. [PMID: 30409980 PMCID: PMC6224438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis impairs liver regeneration following partial liver resection (PHx). Bile acid receptor farnesoid X-receptor (FXR) is a key mediator of liver regeneration. The effects of FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) on liver (re)growth were therefore studied in cholestatic rats. Animals underwent sham surgery or reversible bile duct ligation (rBDL). PHx with concurrent internal biliary drainage was performed 7 days after rBDL. Animals were untreated or received OCA (10 mg/kg/day) per oral gavage from rBDL until sacrifice. After 7 days of OCA treatment, dry liver weight increased in the rBDL + OCA group, indicating OCA-mediated liver growth. Enhanced proliferation in the rBDL + OCA group prior to PHx concurred with a rise in Ki67-positive hepatocytes, elevated hepatic Ccnd1 and Cdc25b expression, and an induction of intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15 expression. Liver regrowth after PHx was initially stagnant in the rBDL + OCA group, possibly due to hepatomegaly prior to PHx. OCA increased hepatobiliary injury markers during BDL, which was accompanied by upregulation of the bile salt export pump. There were no differences in histological liver injury. In conclusion, OCA induces liver growth in cholestatic rats prior to PHx but exacerbates biliary injury during cholestasis, likely by forced pumping of bile acids into an obstructed biliary tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim B Olthof
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Lionarons
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan J Reiniers
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindy K Alles
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zehra Uz
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne de Haan
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bulent Ergin
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie Maas
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Jansen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kakimoto PA, Kowaltowski AJ. Effects of high fat diets on rodent liver bioenergetics and oxidative imbalance. Redox Biol 2016; 8:216-25. [PMID: 26826574 PMCID: PMC4753394 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metabolic diseases can be mimicked in rodents by using dietary interventions such as high fat diets (HFD). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) develops as a result of HFD and the disease may progress in a manner involving increased production of oxidants. The main intracellular source of these oxidants are mitochondria, which are also responsible for lipid metabolism and thus widely recognized as important players in the pathology and progression of steatosis. Here, we review publications that study redox and bioenergetic effects of HFD in the liver. We find that dietary composition and protocol implementations vary widely, as do the results of these dietary interventions. Overall, all HFD promote steatosis, changes in β-oxidation, generation and consequences of oxidants, while effects on body weight, insulin signaling and other bioenergetic parameters are more variable with the experimental models adopted. Our review provides a broad analysis of the bioenergetic and redox changes promoted by HFD as well as suggestions for changes and specifications in methodologies that may help explain apparent disparities in the current literature. High fat diets (HFDs) induce steatosis, even with no weight changes . HFDs activate β-oxidation. HFDs promote oxidative imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela A Kakimoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Metabolic liver injury is one of the fastest growing health problems worldwide. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty livers have been shown to be associated with progression to end-stage liver diseases, as well as to liver cancers, in humans. More importantly, there are no validated therapies for these disorders, therefore intensive research is required in this area. This review of standard operation procedures focuses on the experimental models of fatty liver disease in the mouse. Firstly, use of these experimental models might improve understanding of underlying mechanisms, and secondly this might help to test potential therapeutic options. This article includes, besides a short historic background, an insight into the pathobiochemical mechanisms and detailed experimental procedures as well as the practical implementation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramadori
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Streetz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Lanthier N, Molendi-Coste O, Horsmans Y, van Rooijen N, Cani PD, Leclercq IA. Kupffer cell activation is a causal factor for hepatic insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G107-16. [PMID: 19875703 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00391.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recruited adipose tissue macrophages contribute to chronic and low-grade inflammation causing insulin resistance in obesity. Similarly, we hypothesized here that Kupffer cells, the hepatic resident macrophages, play a pathogenic role in hepatic insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet. Mice were fed a normal diet or high-fat diet for 3 days. Kupffer cell activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. Insulin sensitivity was assessed in vivo by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and insulin-activated signaling was investigated by Western blot. Liposome-encapsulated clodronate was injected intravenously to deplete macrophages prior to a short-term exposure to high-fat diet. Here, we characterized a short-term high-fat diet model in mice and demonstrated early hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis concurrent with Kupffer cell activation. We demonstrated that selective Kupffer cell depletion obtained by intravenous clodronate, without affecting adipose tissue macrophages, was sufficient to enhance insulin-dependent insulin signaling and significantly improve hepatic insulin sensitivity in vivo in this short-term high-fat diet model. Our study clearly shows that hepatic macrophage response participates to the onset of high-fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance and may therefore represent an attractive target for prevention and treatment of diet- and obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lanthier
- Laboratoire de Gastro-entérologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, GAEN 53/79, Ave. Mounier 53, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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